A new invasion of Italy by the French under Lautree in the same year, with the Florentines, Genoese, and Venetians as allies. was at first at tended with success, but in the end resulted dis astrously. and in the Peace of Cambrai of 1529 Francis renounced all claims to territory in Italy. Ile renewed the struggle with Charles V., but the hold of the Hapsburgs on Italy could not be shaken. In 1535. on the extinction of the Sforza dynasty. Charles V. tnnk possession of Milan, which became part of the Spanish realm. Naples was governed by Spanish viceroys. and remained for over two hundred years in the hands of the Spanish Hapsburgs.' In Northern Italy the au thority of the Hapsburgs (Austria supplanting Spain) was not thrown MT until after the middle of the nineteenth century.
The reactionary bigotry of Spain fell heavily upon the whole Italian Peninsula. In pursuance of the energetic anti-Hapsburg policy of Richelieu (q.v.). France from 1635 to 1659 waged war aeainst Spain in Northern Italy, having for its allies Savoy, Parma, and Mantua. Under Maza rin's administration France gave some assist ance to the Neapolitan revolt, begun under Masaniello and continued under the inefficient leadership of Henry, Duke of Guise. The War of the Spanish Succession (1701-14) wrought great changes in Italy. Lombardy and Naples passed from Spain to Austria. which also obtained Sar dinia, and the House of Savoy received the island of Sicily, wrested from Spain. In 1720 Sicily was exchanged for Sardinia, and the Duke of Savoy took the title of King of Sardinia. The growth in strength and influence of the House of Savoy was the beginning of an efficient national power in Italy. Piedmont became the real centre of life of the new kingdom. In 1734-35 the Bour bons established themselves on the throne of the Two Sieilies. and in 1743 they obtained pos session of Parma and Piacenza. The forty five years following the Treaty of Aix-la Chapelle (1743). which terminated the War of the Austrian Succession, were years of peaecful development in all parts of Italy, which was bet ter governed than it had been for some centuries. This reign of peace was disturbed by the out break of the French Ilevolution. In 1792 Savoy and Nice were seized by the French. In 1796-97 the army of Bonaparte swept through Northern Italy, driving the Austrians before it. Lom bardy, part of Venetia, Modena, the Romagna, etc., were constituted into the Cisalpine Republic (later known as the Italian Republic), and the Genoese dominions into the Ligurian Republic. The Venetian Republic was extinguished, and the bulk of its territories handed over to Austria. In 1793 a revolt was organized by French con spirators in Rome. and General Berthier (q.v.)
proclaimed the Roman Republic, the Pope, Pius VI., being imprisoned in the French fortress of Valence, where he died the following year. The Neapolitan Court, supported by Austria, having undertaken hostilities against the French in Italy in 1793. Naples was taken by the French January 23, 1799, and the Parthenopean Repub lic was erected. Piedmont and Tuscany had already been seized by the French. The two southern republics were short-lived. In 1799 the French were expelled from Southern Italy by the Coalition, and were forced back in the north. The influence of the French Republic. which had aroused the democratic element in all the Italian States. was ended. and was to give place to that of a purely military conqueror, Napoleon. to whom all Italy finally became subject. In 1800 the First Consul, having established his power in France, crossed the Alps and opened his second and most memorable campaign in Italy. The vic tory of Marengo gave Bonaparte command of the situation, and a triumphant peace was made with Austria at Lunkville in 1301. In 1305 Napoleon was crowned with the Iron Crown of Lombardy as King of Italy, this Italy including the north ern regions. In 1306 Napoleon took possession of the Kingdom of Naples, which was given to his brother Joseph, and, when the latter became King of Spain in 1303. to Joachim Murat. In 1803 Rome became part of the French Empire. The government of the whole Peninsula was essen tially military; the normal conditions of so ciety were disturbed; disorder was rife. especially in the south ; and the anarchy began out of which came the Carhonari (q.v.) and other movements for political revolution. Divided and disorgan ized, Italy, when the French were expelled by the Allies (1314), was an easy prey to the latter, and Austria at once claimed jurisdiction. Murat, having joined the Allies, was allowed to retain his throne, but in 1315 he took up arms for Napo leon. and was defeated and expelled. The Con gress of Vienna left Italy at the mercy of Aus tria and the Papacy. The Sardinian Kingdom, augmented by the territory of the Genoese Repub lic, was returned to the House of Savoy; Austria recovered Lombardy and Venetia (having been stripped of the latter in 1305) ; Modena was re stored to the House of Este (q.v.) ; the Duchy of Parma was conferred on Maria Louisa of Austria, wife of Napoleon, and Lucca was erected into a duchy for the dispossessed Bourbon dynasty of Parma ; the Grand Duchy of Tuscany passed again to the House of Lorraine-Hapsburg; the Bourbon dynasty (which had maintained its rule in Sicily) was restored in the Kingdom of Naples; the tiny Republic of San Marino and the Principality of Monaco retained their independ ence.