From Northern Africa Islam soon penetrated into the interior of the continent. The Almora vides made many converts in the eleventh century among the negroes of the Sudan. who had al ready become familiar with the new faith through the visits of merchants and missionaries. The neg,ro tribes of the west were first won over as early as 1010 the Ring of Surhay (southeast of Timbuktu) became a Moslem; the States on the upper Niger, Timbuktu (founded in 1(177) and Sidle (West Sudan, founded by the Mandingos), followed and furnished active missionaries as well. The kingdoms of Bornu and Kanem, along Lake Chad, became converted in the eleventh eentury, the latter kingdom extend ing as far as Egypt and Nubia. In Darfur a Moslem dynasty was founded in the fourteenth century and is reigning to-day; at the end of the sixteenth century Wadai and Bagirmi, and in the seventeenth. portions of the Hausa country, be came Moslem. In the nineteenth century there was a remarkable revival of Mohammedanism due to the influenee of the Wahhalds. The Fu labs were united into one politieal organization by Sheikh Othman Danfodio, and compelled all the remaining tribes to accept Islam. To-day there are four powerful Mohammedan kingdoms in Senegambia and the Sudan. The nineteenth century movement was aided by such religious orders as the Arnirghaniyyah, the Tijanivali, the Kadriyyali, and the Sanusiyyah. The vast the ocracy of the Sanusiyyah has settlements and schools extending from Egypt to :Morocco, in the Sudan, Senegambia, Somaliland, the Sahara, and the Galla country; they have gained many converts by education and the purchase of slaves.
Along the west coast of Africa Islam has made steady progress; e.g. on the( luinea Coast, in Sierra Leone, in the Ashanti country, Dahomey, the Gold ('oast, Lagos (where there are 10,000 Moslems), and Liberia (where there are more Moslems than heathen). Often the common people are con verts where the chieftains are not. There is hardly a town along the coast for 2000 miles from the Senegal which has not a mosque.
On the east coast the Emozaydij made settle ments before the tenth century: they were Shiites, and were followed by Sunnis, who found ed the town of Magadoxo, and other towns on the coast from Aden to the Tropic of Capricorn. Arab traders made Zanzibar Mohammedan. Inland, however, only the flalla and Somali tribes are even partly :Moslem. In Cape Colony there have been :Moslems since the seventeenth and eigh teenth centuries, Islam having been carried there by the Malays. Even among the Hottentots there are converts who make the pilgrimage to Mecca, while in the diamond fields the coolies are said to be missionaries.
Islam was introduced into Spain in 711 by Tarik with 12,000 Berbers. The first converts were from among the ill-treated slaves. The rem nant of the heathen population followed. then the nobles and the middle and lower classes of the Christians. so that the majority of the popula tion soon consisted of Mohammedans of non-Arab blood. In 1311 there were 200,000 Mohanune dans in Granada alone, only 501) of them being of Arab descent. On the whole, conversion was carried on peacefully except when the Almora vides at the close of the eleventh century came to Spain. The Moslem power began to crumble away as early as the eleventh century; the last Moriscos were driven out in 1609.
The other Slohammean empire in Europe, that of the Turks, inn its first conquests at the time of the decline of Islam in Spain. The inception of the Ottoman Empire dates from the beginning of the thirteenth century, when 50.000 Turks settled in the northwest of Asia Minor. In 1353 they entered Europe for the first time and in 1361 made Adrianople capital. Be
fore the end of the century Bulgaria, Macedonia, Thessaly, and most of Thrace had been subdued by Bajazet ; Amurath II. (1421-51) added to this territory, and Mohammed IT. (1451-11, after takino. Constantinople in 1453, extended his rule over Servia. Bosnia, and Albania. . A large part of Hungary was added by Solyntan II. (1520-66) : in the seventeenth century Crete was taken, and Podolia was ceded by the Poles. The most noted example of forced conversion was the enrollment of Christian children in the ranks of the Janizaries (q.v.). Large numbers were con verted peaceably front all ranks; in the fifteenth century Adrianople was the home of countless renegades; in the seventeenth converts were made even among the Christian clergy. Progress was very rapid at this time. The power of Servia was broken by the Turks in 1389, but the country was not reduced to the position of a Turkish province until 1459. when the inhabitant: chose Mohammedan rule in to the Homan Catholicism of Hungary. However, though the nobles became Moslems, only in ()Id Servia (northeast of Albania). since the seventeenth century, has the spread of Islam been rapid. The same period was the date of the rapid conversion of Montenegro; in Bosnia. the Bogomiles joined Islam in large numbers after Alohamined IL had released over seventy cities (runs Catholic perse cution. The other inhabitants followed gradually, and the Christians left the Way clear by emi grating into the neighboring countries. The con version of the inhabitants of Crete first took place in the ninth and tenth mutinies, the whole population joined Islam; at the beginning if the thirteenth century the Venetians acquit:4.d the island, and in 1069, when it was taken from Venice by the Turks, the inhabitants had to be reconverted; within 50 years half of them were again In Persia. Islam made progress very early. for under Zoroastrianism the people were oppressed by priest and ruler alike. After the fall of the Sassanid dynasty in the middle of the seventh century, converts were easily made, at first mainly from among the despised industrial classes and artisans. Later the Shiites net with great success, for Hosein, son of Ali, had mar ried Shahban, daughter of Yezdegird, the last Sassanid; and in the middle of the eighth century the Ismailians showed a wonderful power of adapting themselves and their teachings to all clas,,es and creeds. At the close of the eighth eentnry Saman, a noble of Ihilkh. became a Mos lem and founded the dynasty of the Samanids (S74-999). Conversions were made in the ninth century by Karim ibn Shahriyar, the converted King of the Kabusiyyah (13/tasty, and by Nasir al Itakk of Dailam; in 912 Ilasan Hot Ali, of an Abd dynasty on the Caspian, made many converts in Dailam and North of Persia there had been much opposi tion to Islam, and allegiance to the Caliph was often renounced as soon as the armies were withdrawn. In Samarkand, however, conversions were brought about by Om Kutaibah, who burned the heathens' idols. JR inong the Afghans the King of Kabul was converted about 500; in Transoxiona many converts were made in the eighth century, and by the middle of the ninth Mohammedanism was general. The greatest im petus to the spread of the new faith came about the middle of the tenth century, when some of the Turkish chieftains were converted; in Turk CSI a 11 the founder of the Ilak Khans converted 2000 families of his tribe, who liceame known as Turcomans. In 9511 the Seljuk Turks had their origin, when Selijek migrated with his clan to Bokhara from the Kirghiz steppes.