illuch of the progress which Islain had made was lust by the :Mongol invasion. Bukhara, SannambaWI. Balkh, anti Bagdad were left in ruins, and almost without inhabitants. Many Mongol rulers, such as Kublai Khan. were energetic in their opposition to Islam. But in the time of Ogotai Khan (1229-1241) eertain Buddhists were converted; Yisun-Tinnir Khan I1323-2S) was an earnest :Moslem. and made converts of his troops; Baraka Khan (1250.05) turned Moslem with his subjeets— tile first ruling :Mongol prime to take this step in the eastern portion of the Mongol territory. But it was not till 1293 that Islam became the ruling religion of Persia ; at that date Ghazal], seventh of the link khans, joined the new faith. In the Kingdom, in the reigns of Tirneashirin Khan (1322-301 and Tukluk Timnr Khan (1347-03), Islam became generally adopted, though Burak Khan (12011. 70) had also been a Moslem. In the Golden Horde the leaders and aristocracy followed Itaraka Khan when he because converted; Uzbeg Khan (1313-40) placed Islam mi a solid basis. The Mongols were likewise successful, to some extent, in introducing Mohammedanism into Russia; e.g. in the Crimea and among the Finns, the Teheremisses, the Teinivashes ( whole vil lages of which are Moslem), and the northeast Russian tribes, among whom there are many secret Mohammedans. In Siberia the first con versions were made in the latter half of the six teenth century. Since 1745 the Baraba Tatars, between the Irtish and Oh, have been converted.
In [ndia the first great Mohammedan conquer. or was Kasha (711), who took Dar bul (capital of Sindh), INIultan, and other cities early in the eighth century. Under Omar II. the native princes were called upon to become hammedans, and received Arabic na MPS ; but many of them later became heathens again. In 1019 Ilardat and 10,000 men accepted Islam; but it was some time before the new religion gained a firm footing in India. Down to near the close , of the twelfth century Mohammedan India was only a province of Ghazni; at that time med Ghori conquered the northern part to the mouth of the Ganges, and his slave Nutt) al-Din • was made Viceroy of Delhi. The bitter then pro• claimed himself sovereign of Hindustan and founded the dynasty of the "Slave Kings," the first :Mohammedan dynasty in India. Mohammed Ghori likewise converted the Ghakkars, in the mountains north of Punjab. Under the succeed ing dynasty, the Khiljis (1295-1320). medan rule was extended to the Deccan. The Tughlak dynasty which followed was troubled by revolt and desertion, and its power was much re duced; the Sayyids, as well as the Lodis (1431 15°_t;)• were rulers over but one province, Bengal, daunpnr, Malwa, and Gujarat having independ ent Moslem dynasties. The Mogul Empire was established in 2520 by Batter, and then Islamic influences were more successful. Many rajputs were converted when idolatry was made a bar to advaneement at court. In the eastern di-• trios of the Punjab and in Cawnpore, many eon verts were made in the reign of Aurung,zebe.
In Southern India and in Bengal the spread of Islam was more rapid. The southern coast was subjeet to the Alohammedan influences of traders; even in the eighth century refugees had come there from Irak, and missionaries in the eleventh. in the Mappilas, descendants of the early refugees, are estimated at one-tifth of the population. The Laceadive and Maldive islands, as well as Malabar. have all almost ex clusively Aloslem population. in the Deccan,
Arabs settled in the tenth century; it bad the Mohammedan dynasties of the Bahmanids ( 1317 1490) and Bijapur (1439-1080). Bengal was the scene of most active propaganda. and Islam was weleomed .especially among the lower caste Brahmins. Lower Bengal has been the of a great revival even in the last few years. Kashmir had a king in the fourteenth century; Islam stipreme in the time of Akbar, and to-day claims over seventy per cent. of the population. In Baltistan there has been a Mohammedan population for over three centuries. and the faith is being carried by merchants from Kashmir, as well as from Per tsia, even into Tibet. In the various parts of India there are about 00,000,000 Moslems, the number of annual cOnverts being estimated va riously from 10,000 to 000,000. It is worth noticing, however, that in Agra and Delhi, the centres of Moslem power. but from one-tenth to Me-fourth of the population is Moslem.
Mohammedanism penetrated into China from the south and from the west. Friendly relations were established between the Caliphs and the Emperors in the time of the Caliph Walid (705 717), when the general Kutailmh nut Muslim sent ambassadors to the Chinese Court. Later Moslem traders entered front Arabia, Bokhara, and Transoxiana. The first mosque wits Intilt in 742, in the rapital city, Shensi, Northern China. In 758, 4000 Arab soldiers were sent by the Caliph Al-Mansur to aid the Emiberor Sah-Tsung in crushing a rebellion; they remained in China and intermarried with the natives. The annals of the Thang dynasty ((315-907) record the arrival of Moslems at Canton; there in the ninth century they lived as a separate community. They were joined later by other arrivals, and intermarried with the natives. Mohammedans entered the Province of lian-su (part of the Empire of Boey-hu), and the Khan was converted, in the tenth century. a Turkish tribe trans ferred to the Great Wall in the 'Chang dynasty. became Moslems in the ninth century. All of these Moslem communities formed centres for the spread of Islam throughout the Empire. Further accessions of Syrians, Arabs, and Per sians followed the great Mongol eonquest. t'nder the Mongol Rhakans Mohammedans were well treated and rose to positions of trust (in 1244 Abd al-Rahman was head of the Imperial finances). At the beginning of the fourteenth century all the inhabitants of Yunnan were Moslems, and in every town throughout the Empire there was a special Moslem quarter. After the expulsion of the Mongols the Moham medans avoided all external signs of their re ligion, and assimilated themnsel•es as far as pos sible to the rest of the population. while keeping the essentials of their religion intact. Missionary efforts were continued quietly and slowly but surely; the only conversion in large numbers took place in 1770, when a revolt was put down in Sungaria, and the 10,000 military colonists who were sent there all embraced Islam, and after a famine in 1790 in the Province of Kwang Ding, when 10.000 children are said to have been bought, and brought up as Moslems. There was a general revival of interest in the eigh teenth eeDt111T, when commercial relations were rei;stablished with the outside mn world. Today there are 20.000.000 Mohamme dans in the Chinese Empire, of which three fourths are in the provinces of Kan-su and Shen si, in the northwest. As an example of the sit ies in the east, Peking has 20,000 Moslems, with 13 mosiples.