The spread of Islam into the Malay Islands dates from the twelfth century, when more or less successful attempts were made to introduce it into Sumatra; in the fourteenth century the sherif of Mecca sent missionaries to the island and succeeded in making many converts. In the fifteenth century the great Kingdom of Kahan had many converts, and the larger part of central Sumatra is now Moslem. On the Malay Peninsula the Kingdom of Malaeca was con .07 verted in the thirteenth or fourteenth century; the Moslems of the peninsula to-day are said to be most strict in their religious practices, though extremely tolerant. Converts have been made among the Siamese Buddhists of the north and among the wild tribes of the peninsula. In Java the first notable success of Islam took place in the fourteenth century; and in the following cen tu•y the new faith was firmly established on the east coast. In the tiftvunth century 1Zadan Rah mat, nephew of the Hindu King of Majapahit, made many converts in Ampel, and in other places on the east coast; at the same time con versions were made in the West. Radan Patah headed a confederacy which, in I475, defeated the King of Majapahit, replacing the Hindu with a Moslem dynasty. To-day nearly the whole of Java is Mohammedan. In Celebes, general con version along the coast began in the seventeenth century. The Macas-.ars were the first converts: they then. after much resistance, converted the Bugis, who likewise became propagandists. In the north the Kingdom of Balaang-Mongondou, which was Christian for centuries, was finally converted in 1844. The population of this king dom is now half heathen and half Moslem. The island of Sumbawa has hail a Moslem population since 1540: Lombok was one of the scenes of conversion by the Bugis.
In the Philippine Islands there has been a long struggle between Christianity and Islam. In Mindanao and the Sulu Islands civilized Moham medan tribes existed as early as 1521, when the Spaniards came to the islands. Owing to their obnoxious and ill-advised methods, the Span iards could make no progress in the face of The Mohammedans, as elsewhere, learned the language of the people, adopted their cus toms and intermarried with them. thereby win ning great success. The independent Kingdom of Mindanao had 360,000 Moslem subjects in the nineteenth century. The Sulu Islands have also been a Mohammedan stronghold, though nomi nally Catholic. Among the ruder inhabitants, those of the lower classes, in the northern islands, Islam has not made much headway, as indeed has been the case throughout the archipelago. lit New Guinea and the islands to the northwest of it. progress has been made only on the coasts. In the archipelago as a whole, however, Islam is spreading; in Java. for instance, there were 33. 802 pilgrims to Mecca in 1574, and 45.237 in 1886. Books are printed in Mecca in the various Malay languages; in 1552 the Mohammedan schools of Java had 255.000 students. The relig ions orders, especially the Sanusiyyah, are very active.
It is almost impossible to give reliable figures of the total :Mohammedan population of the world. The official estimate of the Turkish Gov
ernment, which may be considered very conserva tive, places the number at 176.000.0(i0. This is divided as follows: In the Turkish dominions. 15.000,000: in other parts of Asia. 99.000.000: in Africa. 36.000.000: in other countries and in the islands of the Eastern sea`;. 23.000,000. The whole of British India. with its dependencies, according to the census of 1901. contained 62.45S.000 Mo hammedans. Mann I North American lleriew, Vo vember, 1900) gives the figures: India, 57,061.796: Burma, 210,049; Malay Archipel ago. 31.042,000: China, 32.000,000; Africa. S0,000.000; a total of 200.313.545. There are about 250,11110 iNlohaminedans in the SIIII1 group of the Philippine Islands.
111111.10(.1;AP11Y. The Work, nientioned in the articles liant..%:N and 31011..k.u3tEn are all important for the general subject of Islam. Of other works the following is a select, but by no means coin piety. list : Ceiger, ll'as hat Mohammed nos dem /adrrtthtnn itlyenom taco ? (1:onn, 1833; Eng. trans., London, 899) ; Lane, Tin Manners and Customs of the Modern EityptionsdLondon, 1836; many subsequent editions), the best popular ac count of Mohammedan life and customs; Dozy, Het Islamism,' (Leyden, 1863: French trans., Essai sat- 1'11i:dojo (le l'ImsI)mixme. 1879) : Kremer, (;c.s.chichte der Iterrseheyd, n (demi (Ics Islam (Leipzig, 18(18) : id.. Kuttaryesehiehte des Orients totter den Chit/ifen IVienna, 15.75-77); Ahmed Khan Bahador, .1 S, rics of Essflys on the Life of t and Subj, Os Subsidiary There to (London. 570 ; Hillary. Our 1 tirl ii .11 ssul )nans ( il)., IS; 1 I ; Deutsch, L'ssay on (Di., I5741 : Va ner I 19t en J(th rhumb rt ( Leipzig. 1 575 1 :Der isian/ in scinent Ein/tass atof figs Lr brn seiner 11. kennel ( Leyden, 1 Ss 1 ; Pisclion, Der Einflass des auf ha nslielle, sogiWl• and faditische ben s, iner Bekenner( Leipzig, I ) ; Blunt. The Future of !slant (London, Studies in a Masque I5s:11 ; Hughes. A Dictionary of !slam (Hy., 155.I; incomplete and not always trustworthy) : August AI tiller, D. r Isla in im Mad('( Berlin, 18S.5-87 ) ; Stionek-Ilurgronje, "De Islam," in 1), (;iviN 1556. No. 5); 1,e Chatelier. /:/s/ainisnic fru 19r sigh- ( Park.
15591 ;MIdziller, .1/ Om snefbmischr //diet) (i.. Halle. 1889: ii., 189)1 ; Ai1eer Life nil Tiachings of Mohammed ILondon, 18911. a defense of Islam by an intelligent and educated Alo.dein: T. 1V. Arnold, The Pri aehiny of I.s.lant ( V er, 1896) 1)e faslrie., /,•/shrrn ( Paris, 15!u71: Jansen, 1'er/welt/thy firs Isla in ( rielisha gen, D!171 ; Sacha it, 1/ te ni t noel, Lrli re (Stutt gart. /s97) ; ('area de Vaux, Lc 11 a homet i sine 1595) ; AtterbIlry, /shun in .Ifrica (New York.; Le t'llatclier. /.7s/amisla, Junes 1' I f riqur orcidr uhnlr Paris, 118IP.1 i :l'orget, 1.• slam rt lc Christ ii ;sine duns friyar (ii,.. l'.101)1; on .11 obit in me (la nism London, 191)1 ) nu,•n1 of 11 lad m %Virology. .1 rispriii1( ?WC. If MI ( 'Mist iI?11,1 I ThIllry (NCW fork. See 1:mt.kN: Sitirms; 310- 11..tmirmAs AlEct.‘; AlEnts.t.