K in Swedish before e, 1. y, ii, or ii in the same primitive syllable is almost like eh in church.
twit in Oriental names is usually- properly a harsh guttural aspirate: in Russian names, often like German eh; in East Indian names, like separate it and h. See II. above.
L in French is as in English like. except after i (see IL, ILL, above) ; in Polish it is like LL in Spanish. See below.
L in Polish resembles 1 in like, very strongly pronounced.
1.11 in Portuguese is like LL in Spanish. See below.
LL in Spanish is like the' 1-y sound heard in Eng. million. In colonial or dialectic Spanish the 1 sound is sometimes not heard. In Ice landic 11 is like dl in handlike; in Welsh, as nearly as can be given in English equivalents, like till or t/.
is in Hungarian is like Spanish LL. See above.
AI and N are practically always as in English. except when used as a velar n. the ng sound fol lowing an ordinary nasalized vowel. or used merely to indicate by checking the escape of air through the mouth and forcing it strongly against the.soft palate.
in Spanish, < in Polish, and 3: in Bohemian, Bulgarian, Croatian, and Servian are like ni in union.
NG in German is always like og in singer.
NII in Portuguese is like Spanish R. See above.
NY in Hungarian is like Spanish R. See above.
o is usually like o in note, obey, or for; but it frequently shades away from these sounds toward those of o in not, a in far, a in east; but these variations, unless very pronotmced, may be sufficiently well represented as the o (see Key to Pronunciation) more or less slurred or clipped in pronunciation. 0 in Swedish has the sound of in boot or u in full when final or constitut ing a syllable, and also in the syllables -nord, -port when final.
6 in Polish is as u in rude or in full.
ii (or sometimes oe) has no equivalent in Eng lish, but resembles e in her, and is the same as French en.
ri in French is as o in no.
o in Portuguese is o as in no, nasalized. See M, above.
OE is sometimes used for 0 (above). with the same value; in Dutch it is as n in rude, full ; in Low German names, like o in note ; in Welsh, somewhat like of in boil.
CiE in Portuguese is like of in oil, nasalized. See 3t. above.
(EI: in French is like Et (above).
of is usually nearly like of in boil: but in French is regularly nearly like lea in /catch; in modern Greek like i in pique.
ox in French is French IN (above) preceded by English or.
oo is usually o as in no, oh.
ou in French and modern Greek is like' u in rude. full; in Dutch and Norwegian like ou in mouse; in Portuguese, nearly as o in no. ouw in Dutch is nearly as on in mouse. ow in Low German names is as o in no. P is as in English.
Qr in French always, and in Spanish and Portuguese before e or i, has the sound of k: in German it is like kr. Otherwise it is usually equal to kir. as in Spanish and Portuguese before a, 0, or u, in Italian in all situations, etc.
Qv in Swedish is equal to kr.
R is usually pronounced with much more trill than it has in English. A gutturalized r is also heard, as in some pronunciations of French and German. that has no equivalent in English.
it in Bohemian is like r followed by the sound of z in azure.
RZ in Polish is like the sound of z in azure.
s has the sound of z in zinc, or nearly so. in German when before a vowel and not preceded by a surd or liquid; in French, when between two vowels or when carried over to the following word. It has the sound of sh in shine in Hun garian; in Portuguese, when final or before a surd (except s) : in German. before p or t (al though the sound of s is also supported by good usage). It has the sound of zh (z in azure) in Portuguese before a sonant consonant. In Ital ian s before a vowel is sometimes like s and some times like z, depending on usage. Otherwise than as above noted. s is usnally like s in sin, as al ways in Spanish, Dutch, and Swedish.
s in Bohemian, Bulgarian, Croatian, and Ser vian is like sh in shun.
s in Rumanian is like sh in shun; sc is like sh followed by t, before r or i.
sc in Italian before e and i is like sh in shun.