EEUNV in Dutch is like a in fate followed closely by (Dutch) to. See w, below. When the ic is followed by an obscure c the w has a more consonantal sound.
El in French is like a in cerate; in German. Dutch, and Welsh, like i in ride; and elsewhere it is generally a proper diphthong like ay in fag.
EIN in French = IN, below.
EN in French = AN, above: in Portuguese it is like a in ecrate, nasalized. See N, below.
Er in French and Dutch is nearly c in her, and equivalent to G•Tinan. like of in boil ; in modern Greek (representing et)), like cc be fore a vowel or sonant consonant, and like of before a surd. nu is otherwise generally a diph thong composed of the sounds tt and iro, more or less closely united.
is as g in go, get. in all the European lan guages before a, o, or u; and also in German whenever initial or followed by a vowel or liquid in the same syllable; in Swedish before d, or final after a vowel, or before c or i when short (except in yr); in Polish, before e and in garian always, except in Gv. (See below.) Be fore e, y in French (see GE, below), ish, Portuguese. Rumanian. and Swedish (also in Swedish before or ii or after 1 or r at the end of a primitive word or syllable), it is equivalent to j see J, below) in the same language ; in modern Greek it is like y in yes. Before c or i in Italian it is like j in jet. In Dutch g regularly has the voiced sound of the German ch or final q. In German f/ also has a guttural sound, made between the back of the tongue and the soft palate. which may he voiced, as when medial after back vowels (a, o. u), or unvoiced, as when final after a, o, or v: and a fricative sound made between the hard palate and the tongue. which may he similarly voiced. as when medial after front vowels (e, i, ii, or ii), or unvoiced. as when final after c, i, d, ii, or a consonant. (See the Rey to Pronunciation.) German ch is pro nounced like g in these positions, On is like g in game in Italian and Ruma nian; in Irish it is like it, more or less strongly aspirated.
01st in Italian when followed by a vowel has the sound of //i in million; if no vowel follows.
the usual sound of t (Italian) is also added.
(;N in French and Italian is like ni in union. See IS' and tut, below.
cu before e, i, or y is like y in go in French, unless followed by a consonant or i, when the a has its usual value; likewise in Spanish, unless the direresis is put upon the it (if). when the gut is as gar in Gwilt, as it is also before a, o. or n; and in Portuguese. In Italian gu is like gal in Guilt before all vowels.
in Hungarian has the value of d followed by consonant y.
n in French, Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese is silent, or nearly so, except as it is considered in the various combinations ch, gh, lh, nh, etc.; in German it is silent between two vowels in the same word, except when fol lowed by ci; in East Indian words it is generally pronounced like h in hat, distinctly heard in all situations, as after b, d, 1, etc.; final h is often pronounced in Arabic and Persian names. prop erly with a harshly aspirated sound not heard in English; in Swedish h is silent before j.
1 is usually like i in pique or i in /lit; and sometimes like c in set, as in -ling, -ding, in Danish names.
1E is like is in field always when final in French, and when medial in German, and before r in Dutch: and often when final in German.
IEN in French is as IN (sec below) preceded by consonant y.
to in Dutch is nearly as i in ride.
IL final and ILL medial in French are as y in yet, strongly pronounced when following a pro nouneed vowel, and elsewhere as i in pique followed by the y sound. Formerly the 1 was also heard, as in Eng. minion, and this pronun ciation is still adhered to by some.
III, ix, in French is a as in but, nasalized. See N, below.
J in German, Dutch (see LT, above), Italian, Swedish, Norwegian, Danish, Hungarian, and Polish is like p in yet : in French, Portuguese, and Rumanian it is like z in azure; in Spanish, like a rough or strongly aspirated it (see x below) ; in the Philippine Islands it is often like sh in shun.