A Canon Of Tiie
(a) Canon Of Tiie Old Testament. The Word Canon Is A Semitic Loan-word In Greek, Meaning Literally A Rod Or Pole, A Earpenter's Rule: Figuratively A Model Or Standard; And In Alexandrian Writers Sometimes A List Of Classics. It Was Used By The Pseudo-aristeas (e.20 A.d.) To Indicate The Character ...
A Versions In Ancient
(a) Versions In Ancient Languaoes. I. Grcek.—(1) According To Aristobulus, The Pseudo-liecatieus, And Pseudo-aristeas, Who Prob Ably All Flourished At The Beginning Of The First Century A.d., There Existed Long Before Ptolemy Ii. Philadelphus (me. 235-247), A Translation Of The Jewish Law, With Which The Great Legislators And Philosophers Of ...
Aaron 1756 1836 Burr
Burr, Aaron (1756-1836). An American Politician, Vice-president Of The United States From 1801 To 1805. Ile Was Born In Newark, N. J., February 6, 1756, And Was The Son Of The Rev. Aaron Burr, D.d., Second President Of Princeton College, And The Grandson Of Jonathan Edwards (q.v.), The Famous Theologian. ...
Administration And Public Institutions
Administration And Public Institutions. The City Is Divided Into 14 Sections. Which Elect The Municipal Council, And For The Administration Of Justice Into 20 Districts, Each With A Justice Of The Peace. Numerous Electric And Horse Tram Ways Facilitate Communication Throughout The City. There Are Six Railroad Companies Con Necting ...
Age Of Bronze
Bronze, Age Of. A Term Used By Modern Writers To Denote That Period In The History Of Mankind When Iron Was Unknown, And Bronze (an Alloy Of Copper And Tin) Was In General Use For Weapons, Tools, And Ornaments. That Such A Period Existed In A Large Part Of Europa ...
Albert Bierstadt
Bierstadt, Albert An American Landscape-painter. He Was Born At Dusseldorf, Germany. Received A Conunon•school Education At New. Bedford, Mass.. In 1853-57 Studied At The Diisseldorf Academy Under Les Sing, And At Rome. And In 1858 Made A Sketch' Lug Tour In The L'io•ky Namtains. Largely In Con Jun•tion With The ...
Alessandro Filipepi C1447 C151 0
Alessandro Filipepi C.1447-c.151 0 . A Flor Entine Painter Of The Early Renaissance. His Birth At Florence Is Differently Stated As In 1446 And 1447, His Death As In 1510 And 1515. Ms Father, Mariano Filipepi, A Well-to-do Cit Izen, Wished To Give His Son A Good Education; But The ...
Alexander Balmain 1831 99bruce
Bruce, Alexander Balmain ( 1831-99) . A Scottish Divine And Author, Born At Aber:irgie, In Perthshire. Ile Was Educated At The Univer Sity Of Edinburgh And At The Divinity Hall Of The Free Church Of Scotland. Fn 185!) He Was Called To Cardross, In Dumbartonshire, And In 1868 To The ...
Ancient Bronzes
Ancient Bronzes. Working On These Lines. The Etruscans Especially, And At A Later Time The Greeks, Produced Bronzes In Great Numbers And Of Singular Interest, The Etruscans Putting Into Them The Highly Ornate And Fantastical Spirit Of Their Decorative Sense Uncontrolled By The Existence Of A Loftier Expressional Art. The ...
Ancient And Medleval Bridges
Ancient And Medleval Bridges. It Is Thought That Probably The Chinese First Employed The Masonry Arch For Bridging Streams. All That Is Known, However. Is That Bridges And Other Public Works Were Executed In China B.c. 2000.and That Arch Bridges Of Evidently Very Great Age Are Found In Different Parts ...
Anglo Saxons
Anglo-saxons. In The Later Empire. According To The Yolitia Dignitatum, Britain Formed A Diocese Of The Pre Fecture Of Gaul And Was Subdivided Into Five Provinces: .marina Orsariensis, [(lien! La, Britan Nia Prima, Britannia Sccunda, And Maria Ca'sa Riensis. The Boundaries Of These Provinces Are Very Uncertain. To Insure The ...
Animal Breeding
Animal Breeding. The Art, Of Breeding Ani Mals, As Practiced At The Present Day, Is Found Ed On The Practice Of The Most Successful Breed Ers, And Its Rules Are Almost Exclusively Empirical In Their Origin. They Have Not Been Worked Out On The Basis Of Scientific Investigation And Ex ...
Animal Charcoal Boneblack
Boneblack, Animal Charcoal, Or Char. A Substance Prepared From Carefully Selected, Clean, Hard Hones, Made By Heating Them In Retorts, Out Of Contact With Air, Until They Are Carbonized. In This Process Combustible Gases And Water, Together With Oil And The Va Pors Of Various Salts Of Ammonia, Are Given ...
Anne Bracegirdle
Brace'gir'dle, Anne ( ?i 603-174s ) . An English Actress. She Was Said To Have Been Brought Up By Mr. And Mrs. Betterton, And To Have Appeared As A Child In The Orphan, At Dorset Garden, But Her Early History Is Not Well Known. She Took The Part Of Lucia ...
Anne Bradstreet
Brad'street, Anne (•.1612-72). An American Poet. She Was Born At Northampton, England, About 1612, Mrs. Bradstreet Was A Daughter Of Goy. Thomas Dudley. She Married The Future Governor Bradstreet In 1628, Went With Him To New England (1630), And In The Intervals Of Household Duties Involved In The Rearing Of ...
Anthony Burns
Burns, Anthony (e.1830-62). A Celebrated Fugitive Slave. He Escaped From Slavery Late In 185:3, But Was Arrested In Boston On May 24, 1834, Under The Provisions Of The Fugitive Slave Law Of 1850, And, Pending A Trial, Was Confined In The Boston Court House. News Of His Arrest Spread Rapidly ...
Antoinette 1616 80 Bourignon
Bourignon, Antoinette (1616-80). A Flemish Religious Visionary, Once Very Popular. She Was Born At Lille, January 13, 1616. Iler Father Was A Merchant, And She Inherited From Him A Considerable Patrimony. She Was So Ugly An Infant That There Was Some Thought Of Killing Her As A Monstrous Birth. Her ...
Apparatus
Apparatus. Among The Early Appliances For Writing May Be Mentioned The 'string Alphabet' Invented By Messrs. Milne And Bain, Of The Edinburgh Asylum. It Consisted Of Knots Tied Updn Cord. Gall's Writing-stamps, Which Date From Is3s. Were Much Used. Saint Clair And Gall Invented Processes For Guiding The Pencil In ...
Arciiitect1 Re
Arciiitect1 Re. Byzantine Architecture Is The Complete Monumental Expression Of Hellenic Christendom. The Greek Church In Most Higher Branches Of Culture Imposed Itself Upon The Latins, But It Began By Accepting The Latin Scheme Of Basilica] Architecture. After Experi Menting With It For A While (fourth To The Fifth Century), ...
Arcus Junius Bc 85 42
Brutus, Arcus Junius (b.c. 85-42). One Of The Conspirators Against Caesar. His Father Bore The Same Name, Was A Follower Of Marius, And, Suffering Defeat From Pompey, Was At The Latter's Direction Put To Death. At This Time The Son Was But Eight Years Old, And His Educa Tion Was ...
Arterial Bleedeng
Arterial Bleedeng. This Is Recognized By The Florid Redness Of The Blood, And By Its Issuing From The Cut Vessel In Jets. There Are Excep Tions To This, However. When An Artery Has Been Tied, And Bleeding Occurs From Below The Ligature, The How Of Blood Is Continuous And Of ...
B Tent Of The
(b) Tent Of The New Testament. (i) The Ilistory Of The New-testameat Text. The ..luto Graphs And First ('opies.—ln All Probability, The New-testament Autographs Were Written On .the Perishable Papyrus Paper. They Circulated At First Separately And Independently Of Each Other. Crpies Began To Be Made At Once. With The ...
B Versions In Modern
(b) Versions In Modern Languages. With The Development Of The Different Nationalities And Languages Of Modern Europe, Versions Of The Bible In The Vernacular Became A Necessity. The History Of These Different Versions, In Most Eases, Exhibits The Same General Features. In Each Country, One Nr Two Out Of A ...
B Of The Whole
(b) Of The Whole Bible A3iong Christians. The History Of The Interpretation Of The Bible Is In Reality The History Of The Principles Which Have Underlain The Study Of The Scriptures. This History Is Divided Into The Following Stage-; (a) The Patristic Stage; (b) The Reformation Stage: (c) The Alodern ...
Banking
Banking. There Are No Banks Of Issue In Brazil, For The Reason That The Currency Has Been Inflated To Such An Extent By Previous Excessive Issues Of Paper Money That The Government Has Its Hands Full In Trying To Reduce The Existing Volume Of Paper Money Without Thinking Of New ...
Barton 1681 1733 Booth
Booth, Barton ( 1681-1733). A Celebrated English Tragedian. He Was Of A Lancashire Family, Nearly Related To Henry Booth, Earl Of Warrington, And Received A Good Education Under The Well-known Dr. Busby At Westmin Ster. Where He Attracted Notice By His Acting In A Latin Comedy (terenee's Andria). Be Was ...
Battle Of Bunker Hill
Bunker Hill, Battle Of. The First Se Vere Battle Of The American Revolution, Fought June 17. 1773, On Breed's Hill And Bunker Hill. Charlestown, Mass., Between About :3000 British Troops Under General Bowe And About 1500 Americans Under Col. William Prescott. On The Night Of The 16th Prescott Was Sent ...
Battle Of Fredericksburg
Fredericksburg, Battle Of.) On January 26, 1863. He Was Replaced By Hooker. And From March To December He Was In Command Of The Department Of The Ohio, During Which Time He Captured Cumberland Gap, Marched Into East Tennessee, And Occupied Knoxville, Where For Some Time He Was Besieged By The ...
Bcehmeria
Bcehme'ria (after The German Naturalist Bidimer). A Genus Of Plants Of The Natural Or Der Urticaeea). The Fibres Of A Number Of Spe Cies Are Used For Making Ropey. Twine, Nets, Sew Ing-thread, And Cloth, And Some Of Them Appear Likely To Acquire Much Economical And Commer Cial Importance. The ...
Bceotia
Bceo'tia (gk. Botcerta, Boiol Ia) . In Ancient Geography, Next To Attica. The Most Important Political Division Of Central Greece, Bounded On The North By Locris And The Eubman Gulf, On The Cast By The Narrow Strait Of The Enripus, On The South By Attica, Megaris. And The Corinthian Gulf, ...
Bellows
Bellows. Some Form Of Bellows Was Probably The Earliest Form Of Blowing-machine. A Very Primitive Form Of Bellows Is Still In Use In Some Eastern Countries, Consisting Simply Of The Skin Of Some Animal Sewed Into A Rude Bag, With A Valve And Nozzle. The Older Forms Of Domes Tic ...
Benjamin Butler
Butler, Benjamin Frtaxxixt (1795-185s). An American Lawyer And Politician. Ile Was Born At Kinderhook Landing, N. Y., Received A District-school Education: Studied Law, And Was Admitted To The Bar In 1817. He Was A Partner Of Martin Van Buren Until 1821, And Gained Rapid Eminence In His Profession. In 1825-27 ...
Benjamin Franklin 181s 93 Butler
Butler, Benjamin Franklin (181s-93). An American Lawyer, Politician, And General. He Was Born In Deerfield, N. H., November 5. 181s: Graduated At Waterville College (now Colby University), Maine, In 1s3s; Was Ad Mitted To The Bar In 1840, And Began At Low Ell. Mass., A Practice Which Soon Became Large ...
Bethel
Beth'el (heb., House Of God, From Beth, House + Cj. God). A Town Of Palestine, The Mod Ern Betin, Situated In The Mountains At A Height Of 25s0 Feet Above The Sea-level. 10 Miles North Of Jerusalem. It Is Associated With The Early Traditions And Legends Of The Hebrews. Abraham ...
Bethlehem
Beth'lehem (ileb., House Or Place Of Bread). The Present Brit Lahm, A Town About 5 Miles South Of Jerusalem And About Three Fourths Of A Mile East Of The Main Road To Heb Ron (slap: Palestine, C 4). The Name Is Sig Nificant Of The Fertility Of The Valleys Near ...
Bethlen Gabor
Bethlen-gabor, Betilen Ga'136r, Or Ga Briel Bethlen, Or Brrtmenest (1580-1629). Prince Of Transylvania. 1613-29. Ile Was A Mem Ber Of A Prominent Protestant Family Of Tipper Hungary, Which Possessed, Also, Important Estates In Transylvania. In 1613, With The Assistance Of The Sultan, And In Defiance Of The Emperor, He Was ...
Bethshviviesh
Bethshviviesh (helt.. House Of The Sun, Or Sun Town). The Name Given To Several Places In The Old Testament, The Most Important Of Which Was A Town Situated In Judah Given To The Levites (joshua Xxi. 16), Though Subsequently Included In The Territory Of Naphtali (joshua Xix. 38). It Corresponds ...
Betrothal
Betrothal (from Troth, A Variant Of Truth), Or Betroth/next. The Mutual Plighting, Or Pledging, Of Troth. In Modern Eng Lish And American Law, An Engagement Entered Into By A Man And Woman For Their Future Mar Riage (q.v.). This May Be, And Usually Is, A Private And Informal Transaction, Constituting ...
Betting
Betting (bet, Shortened, From Abet, Of. Abeter, To Incite, Instigate, Deceive, From A [lat. Ad], To Beter, Icel. Beita, To Bait, To Cause To Bite), Or Wagering. Agreements To Give Money Or Money's Worth Upon The Determination Or Ascertainment Of An Uncertain Event Were Both In England And In The ...
Bevis Of Hampton
Bevis Of Hamp'ton, Sir (also Known As Bevis Of Southampton. And In French As Ben D'ilantone). An English Knight Whose Adven Tures In Britain, Europe. And Palestine Are The Theme Of Prose And Verse By Old English, French, And Italian Writers. The Era In Which He Hived Was Variously Placed ...
Bezeth
Be'zeth. A Place Of Doubtful Situation, But Apparently Near Jerusalem. It Is Mentioned In I. Mace. Vii. 19, As The Place Where Baccbides Encamped. Josephus Calls It Bethzetho (ant. Xii. 10, 2). Bkziers, Bli'zya' (from Lat. Beterrw; See Below). A City Of France, Formerly The Seat Of A Bishopric, In ...
Bezique
Bezique, B5.-zek! (fr. Bezique, Origin Ob Scure). A Game Of Cards Ordinarily Played With A Double Pack, From Which The Twos, Threes, Fours, Fives, And Sixes Have Been Rejected, Thus Leaving 64 Cards. The Remaining Cards Rank Aces, Tens, Kings, Queens, Knaves, Nines, Eights, Sevens. Eight Cards Are Dealt To ...
Bhartrihari
Bhartrihari, B'harlre-hit'r4 (skt. Bhar Trhari). The Name Of A Sanskrit Author And Leg Endary Prince Of India, Whom Tradition Associates Especially With Ujjain, The Royal City Of King Vikrama (q.v.). Bhartrihari's Name Is Known To Fame Through A Collection Of 300 Or More Sen Tentious Stanzas, Written In Highly Polished ...
Bhutan
Bhutan, An Independent State Of India, Situated On The Southern Slope Of The Himalayas (map: India, F 3). It Is Bounded On The South By Bengal. And On The North And East By Tibet. Some Of The Mountains Attain An Altitude Of Over 16.000 Feet. The Area Is Esti Mated ...
Bi Eliograpu Y
Bi Eliograpu Y. \\a Pplius, Handbuch Der Gc0 Graphic And Statistik Des Kaiserrachs Brasilien (leipzig, 1871); Handbook Of Brazil (buenos Ayres, 1873) ; Levassenr. Le Brcsil (paris, 1889) ; Fletcher And Kidder, Brazil And The Brazilians (london.1880); Child, The Span Ish-american Republics (new York. 1891); Hartt. Geology And Physical Geography ...
Bible Society
Bible Society. A Religious Society, Hav Ing Exclusively For Its Object The Translation And Diffusion Of The Sacred Scriptures. Such Asso Ciations Must He Regarded As A Natural Form Of Expression Of Christian Benevolence, Acting Ac Cording To The Principles Of Protestantism. And Seeking To Take Advantage Of The Facilities ...
Bibliography
Bib'liog'raphy. A Term Which Was First. Used, According To Its Original Meaning, To De Note The Transcription Of Books. After The Pub Lication Of The First Volume Of De Bure's Bib Liographic Instructire In 1763, It Was Used To Signify The Proper Description Of Books, And Con Cerned Itself With ...
Bibliomania
Bib'lioma'nia 1143:\loy, Biblion, Book Wavia, Mania, Madness. Frenzy, Mania). A Word Formed From The Greek To Express The Pas Sion For Rare And Curious Books. Which Has Mani Fested Itself To Such An Extent During The Last Century. While The Ordinary Collector Is Satis Fied With The Possession Of Works ...
Bicycle
Bi'cycle ( Lat. His, Twice Gk. Daos, Kyklos, Circle, Wheel). A Name Given To The Spe Cial Form Of Man-motor Machine Which Was Intro Duced Into England About 1873 And The United States In 1877, And Was T He Immediate Forerunner Of The Modern Bicycle. This Early And Now Obso ...
Biddle
Biddle, Joust (1615-62). The Founder Of English Unitarianism. He Was Born At Nvotton Under-edge, In Gloucestershire. Baptized .january 14, 1615, And In 1631 Entered Magdalen, Oxford, Where He Took His Degree Of B.a. 1638 And M.a. 1641. In 1641 He Was Elected Master Of The Free School In The Town ...
Bidpai
Bidpai, Bid' Ph Or Pilpai. The Reputed Author Of A Collection Of Fables N•hich Have Be Come Famous All Over Europe And Asia Under His Mum.. The Earliest Version Of This Collection Which We Now Possess Is [lie Arabic. (see Be Low.) But [his Was Not The Original Form Of ...
Bienne
Bienne, Byrm (ger. Name, Biel). A Town Of Switzerland, In The Canton Of Bern, 17 Miles Northwest Of The City Of Bern. Beautifully Situ Ated At The Foot Of The Vine-clad Jura And 1400 Feet Above Sea-level, At The Month Of The Valley Of The Suze, And At The Northern ...
Bienville
Bienville, Byan'v•p. Jean Baptiste Le Moyne, Sieur De (1080-1708). One Of The Four Brothers \ V110 Were Conspicuous In The Exploration And Settlement Of The French Province Of Louisi Ana. The Others Were Lberville, Sauvolle, And Chateaugay, All Sons Of Charles Le Moyne. In 1699 Iberviile, Accompanied By Bienville And ...
Bigamy Of
Big'amy (of. Bigamie, From Lat. Bis. Twice Gk. -ydeos, Yamos, Marriage). In Ecclesiasti Cal Law, Marrying A Second Time, Whether The First Husband Or Wife Is Living Or Dead. Although Void By The Canon Law, Ecclesiastical Ceurts Will Recognize It So Far As To Entertain Proceedings For The Formal Nullification ...
Bighorn
Big'horn'. The Popular Name In The United States Of The Rocky Mountain Sheep. On Account Of Their Immense. Semi-spiral, Argadi-like Horns. These Sheep, In One Or Other Of Their Species. Were Formerly To Be Found Throughout The Whole Rocky Mountain System From New Mexico To The Arctic Circle: And They ...
Bignon
Bignon, Louts Pierre Edouard (1771-1541). A French Diplomat And Historian. Born At Guerbaville, In The Department Of Seine Infc•rieure. During The Revolution Be Entered The Army As A Volunteer, But Transferred, After Some Years, To The Diplomatic Service, And In 1801 Was Made Secretary Of Legation At 'berlin, Becoming In ...
Bilbao
Bilbao. (basque Ptizcz&a. 'under The Hill' . A Seaport Town Of Spain. Capital Of The Province Of Vizcaya. Situated In A N Ourtain Gorge On The Nervi6n. About S Miles From Its Month At Pertugalete Map: Spain. D 1 . Bil Bao Is Well Built, The Principal Are Straight, And ...
Bill In Equity
Bill In Equity. The Original Process Instituting An Action Or Proceeding In A Court Of Chancery, Corresponding To A Dee/a•ation In An Action At Law, A Libel In Admiralty Courts, Or (in England) An Allegation In A Spiritual Court. It Is A Complaint In Writing Addressed To The Chan Cellor, ...
Bill Of Attainder
Bill Of Attainder (for Derivation, See Attainder ) , And Bill Of Pains And Penalties. Bills By Which Attainder Or Pains And Penalties Are Inflicted By Legislative Enact Ment. The Constitution Of The United States Ex Pressly Declares (art. I., Sec. 9) That "no Bill Of Attainder Or Es-post-facto Law ...
Bill Of Exchange
Bill Of Exchange. An Unconditional Order In Writing, Addressed By One Person To Another, Signed By The Person Giving It, Requiring The Person To Whom It Is Addressed To Pay On Demand. Or At A Fixed Or Determinable Future Time. A Sum Certain In Money To. Or To The Order ...
Bill Of Lading
Bill Of Lading. A Written Instrument Issued By A Co113111011 Carrier, Reciting That He Has Received Certain Goods, Which He Agrees To Trans Port From One Place To Another And To Deliver To A Designated Person Or Assigns. For Such Compensa Tion And Upon Such Conditions As Are Stated Therein. ...
Billiards
Billiards (fr. Billard, Originally The Elle, From Bilk., A Log Of Wood. Cf. Eng. Billet). A Game Of Skill, Whose Development As A Scientific Indoor Game Is Wholly Modern. Its Origin Is Obscure. Some Assert That It Was Hi-ought From The East By The Crusaders. Cotton, In His Corn Pleat ...
Bimetallism
Bimetallism (lat. Big, Twice Lion. Metal). The Name Given To A Monetary System In Which Both Gold And Silver Stand Upon Precisely The Same Footing As Regards Mintage And Legal Tender. The Practical Difficulties Which In Times Past Have Confronted The Maintenance Of A Concurrent Circulation Of The Two Metals ...
Binchamton
Binchamton, Bing'am-ton. A City And The County-seat Of Broome County, N. Y., On The New York, Lake Erie And Western, The Main Line And Branches Of The Lackawanna. And The Delaware And Hudson Railroads (slap: New York. E 3). It Occupies An Area Of 10 Square Miles At An Elevation ...
Bingen
Bing'en (anciently, Di N Yin In Rte' Capital Of A Billie' Tribe). A Town In The Grand Duchy Of ]lose, Germany. 17 Miles West Of Mainz, And Nearly Opposite 1:1111va]ei :mi Rummy. P, 4). It Is Situated In A Charming Country On The Left Bank Of The Mine, :it The ...
Biogenesis
Bi'ogen'esis (gk. 1310s, Hios, Life Alvecrit, Genesis. Origin. Source). The Doctrine That The Series Of Forms Which An Animal Passes Through In Developing From The Egg To The Adult Is An Epitome Of The Stages In The Evolution Of The Species. This Is Stated Briefly In The Expres Sion: Ontogeny ...
Biography
Biog'raphy (gk. Tittos, Mos. Life Yplubm, Graphein, To Write). Term Applied To That De Partment Of Literature Which Treats Of The Of Individuals. The Mode Of Treatment, Especially In Modern Times, Is Far From Uniform. In Some Cases Biography Approaches The Sphere Of Phi Losophy; In Others, That Of History; ...