Rusticated Work
Rusticated Work, In Architecture, Is A Species Of Decoration For Walls, Wherein The Joints Between The Courses, And Between The Separate Stones In Each Course, Are Strongly Defined By Sunk Channels Or Grooves. Rusti Cation Gives An Appearance Of Solidity To The Surface, And Was Frequently Employed By The Romans. ...
Saccearometer
Saccearometer, Instrument Used Principally In The Operations Of Brewing And Making Sugar. It Serves To Indicate The Density Of The Liquid Extracted From Malt, Or The Degree To Which The Juice Expressed From The Sugar-cane Is Concentrated Previously To Undergoing The Process Of Crystallisation; In Other Words It Is A ...
Safety Lamp
Lamp, Safety. It Has Been Long Known That Coal Mines, And Especially Such As Are Deep, Are Occasionally Infested With Carburet Ted Hydrogen, Known To The Miners Hs Fire Damp. Several Contrivances Have Been Pro Posed For Safely Lighting Coal Mines Subject To The Visitations Of This Gas ; But ...
Sago
Sago. This Word Signifies, In The Lan Guage Of The Papuas, Bread, Since It Constitutes The Staple Article Of Food Of The Inhabitants Of The Eastern Archipelago And Other Parts Where The Plants Which Yield It Grow. It Is Not A Seed, But The Farina From The Stem Of Several ...
Sails Sail Making
Sails; Sail Making. The Principal Sails Of Large Vessels Can Be Placed At Right Angles To The Direction Of The Keel Of The Ship, And This Position Is Given To Them When The Vessel Goes Before The Wind; In Other Cases The Same Sails May, By Means Of The Braces, ...
Salt Salt Trade
Salt; Salt Trade. The Chemical Nature Of This Invaluable Substance Is Noticed Under Sonium. We Will Here Speak Of Its Extraction And Trade. The Principal Part Of The Salt Of England Is Made In The Valley Of Thoweaver In Cheshire. When The Salt Duty Was Repealed In 1824, There Were ...
Saone
Saone. The River Saone In France Gives Name To Two Departments, Each Of Which Pre. Sents A Few Interesting Features Connected With Industry. In Sadne-et-loire About 18,000,000 Gallons Of Wine Are Made Annually ; The Best Kinds Are Those Grown Near Romaneche In The Arron• Dissement Of Macon, Near Which ...
Sardinia
Sardinia. This Large Mediterranean Island Is Well Provided With Forests ; The Best Timber Is In The Mountainous Districts. The Cork Tree Grows Very Large And In Great Quan Tity In The Northern Part Of The Island. Timber Is Very Scarce In The Plains, And The Want Of Roads Prevents ...
Saw Manufacture
Saw Manufacture. Saws Were Used The Ancient Egyptians ; A Specimen, Found Among The Tombs Of Thebes, Is Deposited In The British Museum. There Is A Picture Among The Remains Discovered In The Ruins Of Herculaneum, Representing The Interior Of A Carpenter's Workshop, With Two Genii Cutting A Piece Of ...
Saw Mills
Saw Mills. Although Saw Mills Have Not Been Very Generally Introduced Till Within A Few Years, They Are By No Means Of Recent Origin. They Were Used In England In The Century, But Not Without Great Opposition. Many Of The Earlier Saw Mills Were Driven By And Those Of North ...
Saxe Saxony
Saxe ; Saxony. The Numerous German States Thus Designated, Present Various Degrees Of Industrial And Commercial Developement. We Will Rapidly Glance At Them In Relation To These Features. Saxe Altenburg Is Hilly, Richly Wooded, And Fertile. Agriculture And Grazing Are Skilfully Conducted. There Are Few -minerals ; But There Are ...
Scaffolding
Scaffolding. In Ordinary Buildings The Scaffolding Requires Very Little Notice. Poles Are Erected In A Vertical Position A Few Feet From The Walls, Their Lower Ends Being Inserted In The Ground. Wherever A Platform Is Required For The Workmen, A Horizontal Pole Is Tied To The Uprights, Parallel With The ...
Scene Painting
Scene-painting, For The Theatre, Is Executed In Distemper, That Is, With Colours Mixed Up With Size, The Design Being First Sketched, And Accurately Laid Down To Scale, From Which The Perspective Outlines Are Trans Ferred To The Larger Surface. Instead Of Be Ginning With Dead Colouring And Then Gradu Ally ...
Schleswig
Schleswig And Holstein. These Danish Provinces, Which Have For The Last Three Years Been A Scene Of So Much Political Contention, Present But Moderate Attractions In Respect To Industry And Commerce. Schleswig Produces Corn, Pulse, Flax, Hemp, Rape-seed, Hay, Clover, Garden Vegetables, And Potatoes ; And Exports Much Agricultural Pro ...
Schools Of Design
Design, Schools Of. In France And In Several Of The German States, Schools In Which Drawing And The Principles Of Design Are Taught Have Been Long Established. In Prussia There Are Many Elementary Schools At Berlin And Several Provincial Towns, In Which Drawing And Modelling From The Antique, And Geometrical ...
Screw
Screw. This Mechanical Power Gene Rally Consists Of Two Parts, One Of Which Is A Solid Cylinder Of Wood Or Metal, On Whose Convex Surface Is Formed A Projecting Rib Or Fillet, Frequently Called A Thread, Which Passes Spirally Round In Such A Manner As Constantly To Make Equal Angles ...
Screw Manufacture
Screw Manufacture. In The In Fancy Of Screw Making The Thread Was Formed With A File ; But This Process Has Long Been Superseded By The Use Of Dies And Cutters, Which Are Applied In Various Ways. The Cutting Of The Worm Is Sometimes Performed In A Lathe, The Blank ...
Screw Propeller
Screw Propeller. From The Time Of Archimedes It Has Been Known That A Revolving Screw May Be Made The Means Of 'raising Water ; And It Has Also Been Known ;- That A Peculiar Resistance To The Motion Of A Solid In A Liquid Results From The Revolution Of D ...
Sculpture
Sculpture, In Its Strict Sense, Is The Art Of Carving Or Cutting Any Material Into A Pro Posed Form Or Shape. In Its More General Acceptation It Is The Art Of Representing Objects By Form; And Is Thus Applied To Carving, Mo Delling (or The Plastic Art), Casting, Whether In ...
Seals Seal Skins
Seals ; Seal Skins. These Singular Animals Are Captured Eagerly, In Seas And On Coasts Where They Abound, For The Sake Of Various Useful Services Which They Render. The Species Called The Elephant Seal, Which Is Principally Met With In The Southern Hemi Sphere, Is The Object Of An Extensive ...
Seine
Seine. This Important River Of France Connects Paris With The Sea At Havre. By Means Of A Lateral Canal Between Marcilly And Troyes, And Locks To Avoid The Fall At Nogent, The River Is Navigable Frona Troyesia Its Mouth, A Distance Of 370 Miles. From Paris To Rotten It Is ...
Senegal Settlements
Senegal Settlements. On The Banks Of The Senegal And Gambia Rivers In West Africa, Different European Governments Have Established Settlements. These Settle Ments In Senegambia (as The Country Is Called) Differ Materially From Those In Other Parts Of The World. They Are Strictly Commercial. The Settlers Have Not Acquired The ...
Sennaar
Sennaar. In This Little-known African Country, Situated Between Egypt And Abys Sinia, More Industrial Activity Is Displayed Than Might Be Expected. The Branch Of In Dustry In Which The Sennaarese Are Most Distinguished Is Leather, Which Is Of The Best Quality, And Much Superior To That Made In Egypt Or ...
Sewers
Sewers. Covered Drains Or Sewers Of Great Size, And Of Very Solid Construction, Still Exist Under The Streets Of Some Ancient Roman Cities, And Especially Of Rome Itself. In Modern Times The Sewers Of London Stand Unrivalled For Extent And Excellent Construe Tion, Although Much Yet Remains To Be Done ...
Sextant
Sextant. The Sextant Is A Valuable Instrument For Measuring Angles In Navigation And Surveying. There Were Various Earlier Instruments By Davis, Hooke, Newton, Godfrey And Others ; But Hadley's Sextant, Invented In 1730, Superseded All Previous Trivances. The Sextant Has A Plane Glass, Called The Index Glass, Silvered Behind, And ...
Shawl Manufacture
Shawl Manufacture. The Hin Does Have Been The Instructors Of Our Manu Facturers In The Production Of Shawls. There Are Two Modes Of Working The Pattern In An Indian Shawl; The One By Embroidering It Upon The Material, And The Other By Working It Into The Web During The Process ...
Sheep
Sheep. We Shall Give In This Work A Few Details On Such Points, Only, Of The History Of The Sheep As Relate To Industrial Uses. When The Romans Had Conquered Britain, They Turned Their Attention To The Improve Ment Of The Country, And Among Other Things They Established A Woollen ...
Sheffield
Sheffield, In The Beginning Of The 17th Century, Was Still Only A Large Village. It Now Displays All The Features Of A Manu Facturing Town Of The First Importance. The Principal Manufacture Is That Of Cutlery In All Its Branches, Indeed Of Everything That Can Be Fabricated Of Iron Or ...
Ship B Ding
- Ship B (=ding. The Most Essential Con Ditions In The Construction Of A Ship Are, That It Be Capable Of Carrying Its Stores And Its Artillery Or Lading ; That It Be Moved By Wind Or Steam With Great Velocity, And That It Readily Obey The Motion Of The ...
Shoe Trade
Shoe Trade. In Addition To The Few Details Given Under Boor And Shoe Manufac Ture, The Following May Not Be Out Of Place. In The Old Statutes A Shoemaker Is Called A Eordwainer, Apparently A Corruption Of The French Cordonnier, Which Means A Worker Of Cordova Leather. The Companies Of ...
Shot Manufacture
Shot Manufacture. The Larger Kinds Of Shot, Such As Pistol Bullets And Rifle Balls, Are Generally Cast In A Mould, One At A Time. Shot Of The Next Smaller Size, Such As Swan Shot, Are Often Produced By Casting Several At A Time ; There Is A Double Mould Formed ...
Shropshire
Shropshire. The Coal-field Of Coal Brook-dale Is The Most Extensive And Most Productive Part Of The Carboniferous System Of This County. It Extends From Near Wen. Lock, On The Right Bank Of The Severn, Across That River To Wellington On The N.w., And Is Prolougated In A N.e. Direction To ...
Siam Siam
Siam. Siam. This Portion Of Southeastern Asia Is Rich In Natural Productions. Rice Is Most Extensively Cultivated. On The Alluvial Soil Of The Menem It Generally Yields Forty Fold. Maize, Several Leguminous Plants, Sweet Potatoes, Cocoa, And Areca Palms, Are Cultivated. Siam Is Noted For A Great Variety And Abundance ...
Siberia
Siberia. This Vast But Little Known Region Is Very Rich In Metals. There Are Three Extensive Mining Districts. The Most Western Comprehends The Mines Of The Ural Moun Tains; Which Are Rich In Gold, Silver, And Copper; And They Contain Also Iron, Silver, And Platinum In Smaller Quantities. The Second ...
Sierra Leone
Sierra Leone. This .british Colony Was Established In 1787, By Some Philanthro Pists, Who Intended To Show That Colonial Pro Ductions Could Be Obtained Without The Labour Of Slaves. In That Year 470 Negroes, Then Living In A State Of Destitution In London,were Removed To It, And In 1790 Their ...
Silk Manufacture
Silk Manufacture. China Was Undoubtedly The Country In Which Men First Availed Themselves Of The Labours Of The Silk Worm. Aristotle Was The First Greek Author 'who Mentions The Silk-worm ; And He States That Silk Was First Spun In The Island Of Cos, But The Raw Material Was Still ...
Silver
Silver. This Beautiful Metal Has Been Well Known And Highly Valued From The Re Motest Period—circumstances Which Are Readily Explained By The Facts Of Its Occurring Frequently Native, And Possessing Great Lustre And Fitness For Immediate Use Without Being Subjected To Any Metallurgic Process. Ores Of Silver.—the Ores Of Silver ...
Silvering
Silvering. A Few Illustrations Of The Mechanical Working Of Silver Will Be Found Under Birmingham, Eleotro-metallurgy, And Gold-working ; But We Are Here Speak Ing Of The Singular Operation Of Silvering One Surface Of Glass. In An Ordinary Looking-glass, The Reflexion Is Derived From A Film Of Mercury Or Quick ...
Sinde
Sinde. This Portion Of India Is Rich In Productions. Though Its Botanical Wealth Is Not Great, The Rigrietiltural Products Are Nume Rous ; All The Grains And Pulse Common To India Are Grown. Rice Is The Staple In The Delta And In The Country Between The 'western Narra And The ...
Singapore
Singapore. The Commercial History Of Singapore. Is Remarkable. Singapore Is The Name Of A Town, Of. An Island In Which That Town Is Situated, And Of A Settlement, In Which The Town Is The Chief Feature. It Occupies The Extreme South. Of The Malayan Peninsula, And Is The Most Southern ...
Sir Humphry Davy
Davy, Sir Humphry, Must Be Re Garded As One Whose Discoveries Have Afforded Important Aid To Manufacturing Industry, Al. Though Relating In The First Instance To Scien Tific Chemistry. He Was Born At Penzance In 1778. His Father Was A Carver In Wood. In The Year 1795 He Was Apprenticed ...
Sir Joseph Banks
Banks, Sir Joseph, Was A Great Con Tributor To Industry And Science In The Latter Half Of The Last Century. Besides His Own Voyages And Travels, All The Voyages Of Disco Very Which Were Made Under The Auspices Of Government For The Last Thirty Years Of Sir Joseph Banks's Life ...
Sir Richard Arkwright
Arkwright, Sir Richard, Is So Intimately Associated With The Progress Of The Mighty Cotton Manufacture In This Country, That That History Could Not Be Understooi Without A Notice Of His Inventions And Ire Provements. Born In 1732 At Preston, Of Parents To Humble To Give Him Anything More That A ...
Skew Bridge
Skew-bridge Is A Bridge In Which The Passages Over And Under The Arch Intersect Each Other Obliquely. Where Space And Neat Ness Do Not Require To Be Considered, An Oblique Arch May Be Avoided, Either By Building The Bridge Square With The Upper Passage, And Making The Span So Wide ...
Skylight
Skylight. Including Under This Term Every Mode Of Admitting Light Into An Apart Ment Through Its Roof Or Ceiling, We May Here Briefly Notice That Particular Fashion Of Sky Light Distinguished In Gothic Architecture By The Name Of Lantern, Though Lanterns In Gothic Buildings Were Not So Much Intended To ...
Slate
Slate. The Slaty Cleavage Or Structure In Stone Appears To Be The Result Of A General Cause Acting Subsequently To The Deposition And Disturbance Of The Strata, Capable Of Per Vading And Re-arranging The Particles So As To Systematise Their Mutual Attractions, But Not To Fuse Them Together, Destroy Their ...
Slide
Slide (or Sliding) Rule. The Slid Ing-rule Is An Instrument For The Mechanical Performance Of Addition And Subtraction, Which Is Converted Into An Instrument For The Mechanical Performance Of Multiplication And Division By The Use Of Logarithmic Scales, In Stead Of Scales Of Equal Parts. This Instru Ment Was Invented ...
Smoke
Smoke. The Action Of An Ordinary Chim Ney In Conveying The Smoke From A Fire Situ Ated At Its Lower Extremity Is Very Simple. The Air In The Chimney, Being Rarefied By The Heat, Becomes Lighter In Proportion To Its Bulk Than The Surrounding Atmosphere, And There Fore Rises, Its ...
Snuff Manufacture
Snuff Manufacture. Snuff Is Made From The Tobacco Stalk Alone, From The Leaf Alone, And From The Stalk And Leaf Mixed, Ac Cording To The Kind To Be Produced. The Purest Kind Of Snuff Is That Which Is Known By The Name Of Scotch ; It Is Either Made En ...
Soap Manufacture
Soap Manufacture. The Principal Kinds Of Soap Manufactured In England Are White Or Curd Soap, Made Chiefly From Tallow And Soda, But For Some Particular Purposes Olive-oil And Soda ; Yellow Soap, Composed Of Tallow, Resin, And Soda, To Which Some Palm Oil Is Occasionally Added; And Mottled Soap, Made ...
Society Of Arts
Society Of Arts. This Society Has Been For So Long A Period Connected With The Progress Of Manufactures In This Country, That It Will Be Right To Trace Briefly Its History. The Object Of This Society Is 'to Promote The Arts Manufactures, And Commerce Of This Kingdom, By Giving Honorary ...
Soda Manufacture
Soda Manufacture. This Branch Of Manufacturing Chemistry Is A Very Interesting One As Exemplifying The Important Advantages Which We Derive From Our Inexhaustible Stores Of Salt, And From The Numerous Useful Substan Ces Which This Salt Is Made To Yield. What Is Usually Called Soda Is Not Strictly Such ; ...
Sodium
Sodium, This Metal Is The Base Of The Alkalies Soda, Natron, And The Fossil Alkali, In Which Substances It Is Combined With Oxygen, Forming The Protoxide Of The Metal. It Was Discovered By Sir H. Davy In 1807. The Properties Of Sodium Are Such As To Prevent Its Occurrence In ...
Soils
Soils. The Agricultural Soils Which Have Been Formed Fa In The Disintegration And De Composition Of The Primitive Rocks, Such As Granite, Basalt, E. Late Or Limestone, And Especially Those Which Contain All These Minerals Minutely Divided And Intimately Mixed, Are Always Naturally Fertile, And Soon Enriched By Cultivation ; ...
Soldering
Soldering Is The Union Of The Surfaces Of Two Metals, Generally By The Intervention Of A Third.. In The Ordinary Mode Of Soldering, The Alloy Used As A Solder Must Be More Fusible Than The Metal Or Metals Which Are To Be United, And Must Have A Strong Affinity For ...
Somersetshire
Somersetshire. The Geology Of This Fine County Is Rich In Products Valuable In The Arts And Manufactures. The Great Oolitic Formation, Which Furnishes The Fine-grained Freestone Commonly Known As Bath Stone, Has A Thickness Probably Of 130 To 150 Feet. Masses Of This Rock Are Found Scattered On The Slopes ...
Somme
Somme. This Department Of France Pro Duces Oleaginous Seeds, Beetroot, Potherbs, Hops, Dyeing And Medicinal Plants, Grass Seeds, And Apples For Making Cider And Beer, Which Are The Chief Beverages Of The Inha Bitants. A Great Deal Of Hemp And Flax Is Grown In The North Of The Department. The ...
Soundings
Soundings Are Properly The Depths Of Water In Rivers, Harbours, Along Shores, And Even In The Open Seas ; But The Term Is Also Applied To The Nature Of The Ground At The Bottom Of The Water. If The Depth Of The Water Is Comparatively Small, A Man Who Is ...
Southampton
Southampton. This Rising Town De Peuds For Its Importance On Its Connexion Wit L The Sea, And Its Easy Communication With Th Metropolis. The Harbour, Which Is Secure, Affords Good Anchorage. Ship-building Is Ex Tensively Carried On, Though The Vessels Buil Are Chiefly Small. Southampton Has A Lett( Coasting-trade, And ...
Sowing
Sowing. The Most Common Mode Of Sowing Seed Is By Scattering It As Evenly As Possible Over The Ploughed Surface, As It Lies In Ridges From The Plough. The Harrows Follow, And Crumbling Down The Ridges, Cover The Seed Which Has Fallen In The Hollows Be Tween Them. It Requires ...
Spain
Spain. If The Inhabitants Would Do As Much With Their Country As Nature Has Done For It, Spain Would Be Rich And Prosperous ; Since In Climate, In Minerals, And In Vegetable Produce, It Has Many Of The Elements Of Com Mercial Greatness. The Most Common Kinds Of Grain Which ...
Speaking Tubes
Speaking Tubes. Instruments For Enabling The Human Voice To Be Heard At A Great Distance Appear To Have Been Known To The Ancient Chinese. The Modern Speaking Trumpet Appears To Have Been An Invention Of Sir Samuel Morland, In The Year 1070. This First Trumpet Was Of Glass, 2 Feet ...
Spectacles
Spectacles. The Mention Of Magni Fying-glasses By Roger Bacon, Who Died About 1292, Justifies The Supposition That Something Like What Are Now Called Spectacles Were In Use At Least Several Years Earlier. Extensively As These Useful Instruments Are Employed, There Can Be No Doubt That, Were The Subject More Generally ...
Speculum
Speculum. This Name Is Frequently Given To A Mirror Used For Any Scientific Pur Pose, As In A Reflecting Telescope. If A Pencil Of Rays Diverge From A Radiant Point In The Axis Of A Concave Speculum Of A Spherical Form, All The Rays Will, After Reflexion, Converge Nearly To ...
Spinning
Spinning. Whatever Be The Substance Operated Upon By The Spinner, Whether Cotton, Wool, Flax, Or Silk, It Is Necessary In The First Place To Lay The Fibres Or Filaments Parallel With Each Other, So As To Form Them Into A Soft Continuous Ribbon Or Cord, Sometimes Called A Sliver. Excepting ...
Spirit Level
Spirit-level, Is A Tube Of Glass Nearly Filled With Spirit Of Wine Or Distilled Water, And Hermetically Sealed At Both Ends, So That When Held With Its Axis In A Horizontal Posi Tion, The Air Which Occupies The Part Not Filled With The Spirit Or Water Places Itself Con Tiguously ...
Spitalfields
Spitalfields. No Part Of London Is More Remarkably Connected With A Particular Manufacture Than Spitalfields Is With That Of Silk. For Many Generations Nearly All The Silk-weavers Of The Metropolis Have Resided In Or Near This District. When The Edict Of Nantes Was Revoked By Louis Xiv., In 1685, Many ...
Staffordshire
Staffordshire. This County Is Rich In Coal. [coal.] Gypsum Is Quarried In Needwood Forest And In The Adjacent Part Of The Valley Of The Dove; The Pure White Gypsum, Or That Slightly Streaked With Red, Yields Plaster Of Paris, Which Is Much Used In The Potteries For Moulds. Near Dudley ...
Staircase
Staircase. It Was Not Till About The Time Of Elizabeth That Staircases Began To Be Planned Commodiously In This Country, And Made A Decorative Feature In The Interior Of A Mansion. At A Later Period, Staircases In Mansions Of A Superior Class Were Made Dis Proportionably Spacious, Being Upon A ...
Standard
Standard, And Troy Weight, Many Details Are Given On This Subject. We Will Here Give A Few Brief Notices Concerning Foreign Weights And Measures, As They Are Often Useful While Reading Industrial Statistics Of Foreign Countries. France.—the New French System Is Called Metrical, As Derived From The Measurement Of The ...
Standard Measures And Weights
Standard Measures And Weights. Measures Are Wanted For Two Distinct Objects, The Commercial And The Scien Tific. The Wants Of Natural Philhsophy Have Grown Up Within The Last Two Centuries ; While I So Early As Magna Charta It Was One Of The Concessions To The Grievances Of The Subject, ...
Stannary
Stannary. This Term Sometimes De Notes A Tin-mine, Sometimes The Tin-mines Of A District, Sometimes The Royal Rights In Respect Of Tin-mines Within Such District. But It, Is More Commonly Used As Including The Tin Mines Within A Particular District, The Tinners Employed In Working Them, And The Customs And ...
Starch
Starch (called Also Farina And Fteculam) Is A Proximate Principle Of Plants, Chiefly Found In The Seeds Of Corn And Pulse, In Many Kinds Of Tubers, And Sometimes In Wood, Bark, And Leaves. In All These Instances It Is Asso Ciated With Other Principles, Which Are Either Employed With It, ...
Steam
Steam. Water Converted Into Steam Oc Cupies More Than 1700 Times Its Former Space. Steam Will Be Produced At A Proportionally Lower Temperature If We Diminish The Pressure Of The Atmosphere On The Water, Which May Be Done Either By Ascending A Mountain Or By Drawing Away A Portion Of ...
Steam
Steam Papin Proposed A Kind Of Steam-boat, But Made No Attempt To Construct One ; And After His Time Several Plans For Propelling Boats By Other Means Than Oars Or Sails Were Proposed And Tried. At Length, In 1774, The Comte D'auxiron, A French Noble Man Of Scientific Attainments, Constructed ...
Steam Carriage
Steam-carriage. The Application Of The Steam-engine To The Purpose Of Locomotion Upon Railways, Has Been Noticed Elsewhere. [railway.] In A Steam-carriage For Use Upon A Common Road, Provision Must Be Made For Passing Over Rough, Soft, And Constantly Varying Surfaces, And For Surmounting Accli Vities Of Considerable Steepness ; The ...
Steam Engine
Steam-engine. The Earlier Steam. Engines, Even Captain Savery's, Which Was Long Employed In This Country, Were Only Pumps For Raising Water ; A Partial Vacuum Was Formed In Close Vessels By The Condensa Tion Of Steam Within Them, And The Atmospheric Pressure Raised The Water To A Certain Height, Whence ...
Steel Engraving
Steel Engraving. The Comparative Softness Of Copper Occasions Copper Plates To Wear So Rapidly In The Process Of Printing, That The Beauty Of The Engraving Is Very Soon Ims. Paired, And It Is Impossible To Produce From A Single Plate, A Sufficient Number Of Impres Sions For The Illustration Of ...
Steel Manufacture
Steel Manufacture. Iron Possesses Many Qualities Which Render It Applicable To Innumerable Purposes In The Arts ; Hut There Are Some Uses For Which It Is Not Sufficiently Hard, And This Defect Is Supplied By Converting It Into Steel. Steel Is An Intimate Compound Of Iron And Charcoal Or Carbon. ...
Stereotype
Stereotype. Stereotype Printing Is Printing From Cast Plates Of Type-metal Instead Of Moveable Letters Or Types. It Was First Adopted By 'william Ged, A Goldsmith Of Edin Burgh, About 1725 ; But His Method Fell Into Disuse. About The Year 1780, Mr. Tilloch And Mr. Rallis Introduced Further Improvements. Towards ...
Stirlingshire
Stirlingshire. That Part Of This County Which Skirts The Lennox Hills To The South And East, Belongs To The Coal District Of Central Scotland, And Yields Coal, Ironstone, Freestone, And Limestone, In Considerable Quantity. The Great Canal, Which Connects The Forth And The Clyde, Has Pert Of Its Course In ...
Stone Working
Stone Working. There Are Three Aspects Under Which The Working In Stone Presents Itself To Our Notice—quarrying, Shap Ing And Preparing The Stones, And Masonry Properly So Called. All Statuary Marble And All Building Stone Are Extracted From The Rocks By Quarrying. Egypt, Greece, And Italy Possessed The Quar Ries ...
Stone For Building
Stone For Building. Stone Fit For Building Must In General Be Freestone Firm Enough To Sustain Great Pressure, And Yet So Aggregated As To Admit Of Being Worked With Facility By Ordinary Tools, And Of Receiving Correct Surfaces In Any Direction. It Must In General Yield Masses Of Great Dimensions. ...
Stoves
Stoves. Several Kinds Of Fire-places Or Stoves Give Out Heat By Conduction Chiefly, Others Do So Mainly By Radiation. Open Fire Places Are Of The Latter Kind, And A Consider Able Loss Of Heating-power Results From The Arrangement. The Burning Coals Radiate Heat Into The Room, And Another Portion Of ...
Straw Plat Manufacture
Straw-plat Manufacture. It Is Not Known When The Manufacture Of Hats Or Bonnets Of Platted Straw First Became Im Portant In Italy, Where It Has Long Formed One Of The Leading Pursuits Of The Agricultural Population ; But It Does Not Appear To Have Been Followed In England More Than ...
Stucco
Stucco, Is A Plaster Of Any Kind Used As A Coating For Walls, And To Give Them A Finished Surface. Stuecatura, Or Stucco-work, Is The Term Employed For All Interior Orna Mental Plaster Work In Imitation Of Carved Stone, Such As The Cornices And Mouldings Of Rooms, And The Enrichments ...