What effect has shelter or protection, of any kind, in preventing leaf diseases? Arkansas: Sheltered trellis. effectually prevents leaf diseases. Connecncut: Very little effect. Georgia: Always fair when grown in trees. Illinois: Favorable wherever tried; even Eilightly-covered trellis insures against mildew; protection will insure fair crops in the most unfavorable seasons. Indiana: Bene ficial where tried. Iowa: Good where it has been tried. Kentucky: A beneficial effect to all tender-leaved varieties. Missouri: Where tried has exerted a favorable influence. Massachusetts: Beneficial by increasing the temperature. New York: Favorable where it does not prevent a free circulation of air. Ohio: Vines trained against buildings and on covered trellises are free from leaf diseases, instan ces are known of successful culture of uncertain varieties under shelter, successive crops for thirteen years having been raised. South Carolina: Most excellent effect; pre vents leaf diseases. Tennessee: Vines protected by pro jecting eaves or copings always do well.
What effect has soil in reference to rot in the berry? Illinois: Low, wet almost invariably produce rot in the berry: rich lands also seem to induce rot in the berry. Indiana: Wet and rich soils are the prevailing causes of rot in the berry. Iowa: Undrained clay soils cause rot. Kentucky: Stiff, retentive subsoils, keeping water near the surface, produce rot. Kansas: Very rich soils cause rot in the grape. Missouri: Rot in the berries is very rare, and is seen on rich or heavy clay soils only. Mas sachusetts: Not liable to rot on dry soils. New Jersey: In wet seasons and on wet soils we have rot in the berries. North Carolina : The rot is frequently disastrous on rich or retentive soils. New York: Only on low grounds and wet subsoils. Ohio: Heavy wet soils are extremely per nicious, and thought to be the primary cause of rot; drained soils, even clays, are almost entirely exempt. Pennsylvania: The rot is most destructive on undrained, heavy clays, but is also induced by over-manuring and enriching the soil. South Carolina: Seldom escape rot in the berries, on heavy, damp soils.
What soils, chemically considered, are most favorable to health and vigor of plant, and perfection of fruit? Arkansas: A reddish clay soil, intermingled with sand, is the most congenial, so far as experience confirms; on pure clays the crop has failed. C. nnecticnt: A good depth of limy, loamy soil is best. Georgia: Soils contain ing alkaline phosphates, and considerable humus, are most productive, and maintain healthy plants. Illinois: Silicions and calcareous soils are well suited; also gravelly clay soils, if somewhat rolling on the surface; clay enb soils are very good, if not too wet; especially so if they con tain some iron andlime. Indiana: Grapes do well on clays,if properly drained audlimed; also very fairly on gravelly
and sandy soils when properly worked. Iowa: The vines seem to do equally well either on silicioos, calcareous, or gravelly soils, where the last is not too poor or light. Shales are very good. Clayey soils produce the richest fruit, but sandy soils the greatest amount of vine. Ken tucky: Soils containing much oxide of iron seem to favor the rot. Kansas: A sandy clay soil is best for grapes. Missouri: The most favorable soils are those of a 6ilicioue and calcareous nature, containing magnesian limestone, with potash and phosphates; clay soils are very good, but they must be drained. Michigan: The earliest and sweet est fruit is produced on clay soils, but sandy soils give the largest nod best looking fruit. Massachusetts: Where the growing season Is short, a dry sandy soil is pref. rable. North Carolina: A light sandy loam gives best results. New York: Calcareous and aluminous soils abounding in phosphates; shaly soils are always good. Ohio: Cal careous and aluminous soils, well drained; also rotten shales. Pennsylvania: Calcareous soils in combination with iron ; shaly and silicious soils are very well adapted. South Carolina: The varieties of G est,valis prefer silicious soils; the varieties of Fills vuipina, those of an aliiminous character ; and the varieties of Vitus rotundi /Oa do equally well in either; as a general rule, light soils are best if supplied with lime and potash. Wle cousin : A loose limestone soil is perhaps the most favor able: sandy clay soils are also good, but very stiff clays are not so profitable.
What effects have been observed from mechanical con ditions of soils, such as draining, eubsoiling and other cultural operations? Arkansas: Subsoiling and trenching show marked rut-nits for good. Connecticut: Draining hi indispensable in order to get the grape to grow in origi nally wet' $oils. Illinois: Draining. trenching, and good culture are necessary; the soil should be well pulvernied and manipulated before planting. Indiana: Draining seems Indispensable in most soils; aubmoiling and good culture generally are always attended with marked resalts. Iowa: Deep plowing, in conjunction with draining and subeolling. prevents rot to a very great extent. Kentucky: Draining and subsoiling pay well. Kansas: We find the beet results on drained soils, and shallow after culture.