A large majority of the State legislature, however, were Demo crats, and in his message to this body, in Jan. 1861, Governor Magoffin, also a Democrat, proposed that a convention be called to determine "the future of Federal and inter-State relations of Ken tucky"; later, in reply to the President's call for volunteers, he declared, "Kentucky will furnish no troops for the wicked purpose of subduing her sister Southern States." Under these conditions the Unionists asked only for the maintenance of neutrality, and a resolution to this effect was carried by a bare majority-48 to 47. Some of the secessionists took this as a defeat and left the State immediately to join the Confederate ranks. In the next month there was an election of congressmen, and the anti-secession can didates were chosen in nine out of ten districts. An election in August of one-half the State senate and all of the house of repre sentatives resulted in a Unionist majority in the new legislature of 103 to 35, and in September, after Confederate troops had begun to invade the State, Kentucky formally declared its allegiance to the Union. From Sept. 1861 to the fall of Ft. Donelson in Feb. 1862 that part of Kentucky which is south and west of the Green river was occupied by the Confederate army under Gen. A. S. Johnston, and at Russellville in that district a so-called "sover eignty convention" assembled on Nov. 18. This body, composed mostly of Kentucky men who had joined the Confederate army, passed an ordinance of secession, elected State officers, and sent commissioners to the Confederate Congress, which body voted on Dec. 9 to admit Kentucky into the Confederacy. Throughout the war Kentucky was represented in the Confederate Congress— representatives and senators being elected by Confederate soldiers from the State. The officers of this "provisional government," headed by G. W. Johnson, who had been elected "governor," left the State when Gen. A. S. Johnston withdrew ; Johnston himself was killed at Shiloh, but an attempt was subsequently made by Gen. Bragg to install this Government at Frankfort. Gen. Felix K. Zol licoffer (1812-62) entered the State through the Cumberland Gap in September, and later with a Confederate force of about 7,000 men attempted the invasion of central Kentucky, but in Oct. 1861 he met a slight repulse, and on Jan. 19, 1862, in an engagement near Mill Springs with troops under Gen. George H. Thomas, he was killed and his command was utterly routed. In 1862 Gen. Braxton Bragg, in command of the Confederates in eastern Ten nessee, eluded Gen. Don Carlos Buell and, entering Kentucky in Aug. 1862, proceeded slowly toward Louisville, hoping to win the State to the Confederate cause and gain recruits for Confederacy in the State. His main army was preceded by a division of about 15,00o men under Gen. Edmund Kirby Smith, who on Aug. 30 defeated a Federal force under Gen. William Nelson near Rich mond and threatened Cincinnati. Bragg met with little opposition on his march, but Buell reached Louisville first (Sept. 24), turned on Bragg and forced him to withdraw. On Oct. 8, Buell and Bragg fought an engagement at Perryville which, though tactically indecisive, was a strategic victory for Buell; and thereafter Bragg withdrew entirely from the State into Tennessee. This was the last serious attempt on a large scale by the Confederates to win Ken tucky; but in Feb. 1863 one of Gen. John H. Morgan's brigades made a raid on Mt. Sterling and captured it ; in March Gen. Pegram made a raid into Pulaski county; in March 1864 Gen. N. B. Forrest assaulted Ft. Anderson at Paducah but failed to cap ture it and in June Gen. Morgan made an unsuccessful attempt to take Lexington.
Although the Union was supported by the majority of the peo ple, so much feeling was aroused by the emancipation of the slaves without compensation even to loyal owners, the arming of negro troops, the arbitrary imprisonment of citizens and the interference of Federal military officials in purely civil affairs, that the State became strongly Democratic and remained so for many years until 1895. The Emancipation Proclamation of 1863 did not free the
slaves of Kentucky, as it applied only to such regions as were in rebellion against the Union ; however, slavery was doomed. Many of the slaves, with their families, became free by enlisting in the United States army, and the remainder were freed by the adoption of the XIII. Amendment to the Federal Constitution, Dec. 18. 1865. Amendments XIII., XIV. and XV. were all rejected by Kentucky. Kentucky suffered much of the depression common to the South and West in the period after the Civil War. In 1878 the legislature demanded the repeal of the Federal law making "green backs" redeemable in specie after Jan. r, 1879, and called upon Congress to make silver the equal of gold in the payment of pri vate and public dues. The continued low price for agricultural products caused many to join the Granger movement and similar agrarian movements of the Middle West. The low price paid for tobacco in the early years of the present century caused the f arm ers in the two chief producing areas to organize selling "pools" and, if necessary, to use violence to force all the producers to join. Secret organizations known as "night riders" were formed, and under the cover of darkness these men took terrible vengeance upon persons who had disposed of their products independently. In some instances their ravages were extended to railways that had accepted for transportation tobacco not marketed by a pool. After numerous outrages in the "Dark Tobacco" district and a few in the "Burley" region, Governor Willson called out the armed forces of the State, and by the end of 1908 order was again estab lished. Owing to the panic of 1893, distrust of the free silver movement and the expenditure of large campaign funds, the Republicans were successful in the gubernatorial election of 1895 for the first time in the history of the State. Since that time the two major parties have had about equal success in controlling the governor's office. In 1924, for the first time in her history, Ken tucky cast all her electoral votes for the Republican Party, and two years later favoured that party's candidate for governor. A drought and violent labour trouble in 193o and 1931 strengthened the Democrats who elected R. Laffoon governor in 1931 and se cured the State's vote for Roosevelt in 1932. In the years 1935 and 1936 the State again went solidly Democratic. Forceful sup pression of the coal strike and prosecution of the union leaders on murder charges occasioned much out-of-state criticism and prompted Congress in 1937 to investigate the alleged condition of lawlessness.
Handbook of the State Bureau of Agriculture, Labor and Statistics. For education, see Public Education in Kentucky, a report of the Kentucky Education Commission (1921), and two bulletins by the State department of education History of Education in Kentucky (1914) and Kentucky Rural School Standards (1923). For descrip tions of physical features, see Reports of the Kentucky Geological Survey (in 6 series) ; various publications of the U.S. Geological Survey (consult bibliographies of the survey) ; and James Lane Allen, The Blue Grass Region and Other Kentucky Articles (19oo). (E. T.) KENTUCKY COFFEE-TREE (Gymnocladus dioica), a North American tree of the family Leguminosae, called also Kentucky mahogany and nicker-tree, found, though nowhere common, in alluvial woods from western New York through Ontario to South Dakota and southward to Tennessee and Okla homa. It is a handsome forest tree, 75 to no ft. high with a trunk diameter of 2 to 3 ft., bearing large, pinnately compound leaves, 1 to 3 ft. long, composed of numerous ovate leaflets and showy white flowers in terminal clusters, followed by thick, leathery pods (legumes), 6 to io in. long. The pods contain large seeds, a in. long, embedded in sweet, reddish pulp, that were formerly used as a substitute for coffee.