Parthia
Parthia, The Mountainous Country South-east Of The Cas Pian Sea, Which Extends From The Elburz Chain Eastwards Towards Herat, And Is Bounded On The North By The Fertile Plain Of Hyrcania (about Astrabad) At The Foot Of The Mountains In The Corner Of The Caspian And By The Turanian Desert; ...
Partition
Partition, In Law, The Division Between Several Persons Of Land Or Goods Belonging To Them As Co-proprietors. It Was A Maxim Of Roman Law, Followed In Modern Systems, That In Com Munione Vel Societate Nemo Potest Invites Detineri. Partition Was Either Voluntary Or Was Obtained By The Actin Communi In ...
Partnership
Partnership, In General, The Voluntary Association Of Two Or More Persons For The Purpose Of Gain, Or Sharing In The Work And Profits Of Any Enterprise. This General Definition Requires To Be Restricted, In Law, According To The Account Given Below. Though The English Law Of Partnership Is Based Upon ...
Partridge
Partridge, Any One Of Certain Game-birds. The Name Was Originally Applied To The Grey Partridge (perdix Cinerea), The Only Species Indigenous To Britain. The Excellence Of Its Flesh At Table Has Been Esteemed From The Time Of Martial. For The Sport Of Partridge-shooting See Shooting. The Grey Partridge Has Largely ...
Pasadena
Pasadena, A City Of Los Angeles County, California, U.s.a., In The Foot-hills Of The Sierra Madre Mountains, Over Looking The San Gabriel Valley; 11 M. N.e. Of The Business Centre Of Los Angeles And Touching Its Boundaries At Several Points. It Is Served By The Santa Fe, The Southern Pacific, ...
Pasargadae
Pasargadae, A City Of Ancient Persia, Situated In The Modern Plain Of Murghab, Some 3o M. N.e. Of The Later Perse Polis. The Name Originally Belonged To One Of The Tribes Of The Persians, Which Included The Clan Of The Achaemenidae, From Which Sprang The Royal Family Of Cyrus And ...
Paschal Ii
Paschal Ii. (ranieri), Pope From Aug. 16, 1099, To Jan. 21, 1118, A Native Of Bieda, Near Viterbo, Was A Cluniac Monk. He Was Created Cardinal-priest Of S. Clemente By Gregory Vii. About 1076, And Was Consecrated Pope In Succession To Urban Ii. On Aug. 14, 1099. In The Long ...
Pasquale Paoli
Paoli, Pasquale , Corsican General And Patriot, Was Born At Stretta In The Parish Of Rostino. He Was The Son Of Giacinto Paoli, Who Had Led The Corsican Rebels Against Genoese Tyranny. Pasquale Followed His Father Into Exile, Studied At Naples Under The Reformer Genovese, And Entered The Nea Politan ...
Passage Rites
Passage Rites. The Social And Religious Orders Are Con Cerned With, Interpret, Explain, And Exploit The Facts Of The Bio Logical Order. Man Passes From One Stage Of Life To Another Con Tinuously. Yet There Are Breaks, Moments Of Discontinuity. All The Various Moments Of Discontinuity In The Social Life ...
Passau
Passau, A Town And Episcopal See Of Germany, In The Prov Ince Of Lower Bavaria, At The Confluence Of The Danube, The Inn And The Ilz, Close To The Austrian Frontier, 89 M. N.e. From Munich And 74 S.e. Of Regensburg By Rail. Pop. (1933) 25,181, Nearly All Being Roman ...
Passion Flower
Passion-flower (passiflora), The Typical Genus Of The Family Passifloraceae, To Which It Gives Its Name. The Name Passion-flower—flos From The Supposed Resem Blance Of The Corona To The Crown Of Thorns, And Of The Other Parts Of The Flower To The Nails, Or Wounds, While The Five Sepals And Five ...
Passionists
Passionists, A Congregation Of Men Of The Roman Cath Olic Church Comprising Priests, Seminarists And Lay Auxiliaries. Its Official Title Is The Congregation Of The Discalced Clerks Of The Most Holy Cross And Passion Of Our Lord Jesus Christ. It Was Founded By St. Paul Of The Cross Whose Name ...
Passover
Passover, A Spring Festival Celebrated By The Jews In Com Memoration Of The, Exodus From Egypt By A Family Feast In The Home On The First Evening, And By Abstaining From Leaven During The Seven Days Of The Feast. According To Tradition, The First Pass Over ("the Passover Of Egypt") ...
Pastel
Pastel, The Simplest Of All Methods Of Laying Colour Upon A Flat Surface. The Colours Used Consist Practically Of The Pure Pow Der Colours; Whereas In Other Methods, The Colours Have To Be Mixed With Some Medium, The Immediate Result Often Being That The Tone Of The Colour Is Lowered, ...
Paston Letters
Paston Letters, An Invaluable Collection Of The Cor Respondence Of The Paston Family And Others, From 1422 To 1509, Including State-papers And Other Documents. Most Of These Were Sold By The 2nd Earl Of Yarmouth, The Last Representative Of The Family, To The Antiquary Le Neve Early In The 18th ...
Pastoral
Pastoral, The Name Given To A Certain Class Of Modern Literature Derived Ultimately From The "idyll" Of The Greeks, The "eclogue" Of The Latins And Their 15th Century Imitator, J. B. Spagnuoli (mantuanus) And The Late Greek Romances. It Was A Growth Of Humanism At The Renaissance, And Its First ...
Pasuruan
Pasuruan, Formerly The Name Of A Residency Now Called Malang, In Java, Dutch East Indies; Area 8,839 Sq.km. It Is In The South-east Part Of The Island, Bounded On The West By Surabaya And Kediri, On The East By Besuki, North By The Java Sea, And South By The Indian ...
Patagonia
Patagonia, A Regional Name Applied To The Southern Part Of South America South Of Approximately 40° S. Lat. Physio Graphically, It Is Divided Into Two Longitudinal Sections—the Cor Dilleras Of The Andes (including The Islands Of The Chilean Archi Pelago) And The Patagonian Table-land Between The Andes And The Atlantic ...
Patani
Patani, An Administrative Division Of Siam, Includes The Seven Malay States Of Nawng Chik, Patani, Jering, Yala, Sai, Raman And Range. Each Retains Its Malay Ruler, Who Governs Jointly With A Siamese Officer Under The Direction Of The Siamese High Commissioner, And Many Of The Ancient Privileges And Cus Toms ...
Paterson
Paterson, A City Of North-eastern New Jersey, U.s.a., The County Seat Of Passaic County; On The Passaic River, 13 M. N. Of Newark And 17 M. N.w. Of New York City. It Is Served By The Erie, The Lackawanna And The New York, Susquehanna And Western Railways, Interurban Trolleys, Motor-bus ...
Pathan
Pathan, The Name Applied In India To The Afghans, Though Rohilla (q.v., Rohela, "hillman") Is A Synonym. The Early History Of This Highly Composite Race Is Obscure. Farishta Imagined They Were Copts. He May Have Meant Guptas, But His History Is Un Convincing. It Is Difficult To Trace Any Clear ...
Pathology
Pathology, The Branch Of Medical Science Which Deals With The Causes Of Disease, The Anatomical, Physiological And Func Tional Changes Which These Causes Induce And The Methods Whereby The Body Combats Both Causes And Changes. Used Alone, The Term Refers To Man And Animals; For Vegetable Pathology Or Phyto Pathology, ...
Patmos
Patmos, An Island In The Group Of The Sporades In The Aegean Sea About 28 M. S.s.w. Of Samos (37° 20' N. Lat. And 26° 35' E. Long. ; Length From North To South, About Io M., Greatest Breadth 6 M.). The Island Is Volcanic, Bare And Rocky Throughout; Rising ...
Patna
Patna, A City, The Capital Of The Province Of Behar And Orissa, British India, Situated On The Right Bank Of The Ganges. Pop. (1931) 159,690. Patna Was Selected As The Capital Of Behar And Orissa On The Creation Of That Province In 1912. A High Court Was Established In 1916 ...
Patras
Patras (gr. Patrai), The Chief Seaport On The West Coast Of Greece, And Capital Of The Province Of Achaea And Elis, On A Gulf Of The Same Name, 7o M. W.n.w. Of Corinth. Pop. 61,278. It Has Been Rebuilt Since The War Of Independence, Is The Seat Of A Greek ...
Patricians
Patricians, The Members Of The Old Citizen Families Of Ancient Rome (lat. Patricius, An Adjectival Form From Pater). Ciated With The Name Of Servius Tullius Appears To Have Been The Imposition Of The Duties Of Citizenship Upon The Plebeians. This Involved An Extension Of Plebeian Privilege In Two Directions. First ...
Patriotic Societies
Patriotic Societies, Organizations Formed In Many Countries, For The Purpose Of Commemorating Historical Events Of The Past, Preserving The Records And Sites Of Such Events, And, In General, Fostering A Spirit Of Patriotism And Love Of Country. Such Societies Are Especially Numerous And Influential In The United States. The Oldest, ...
Patristic Philosophy
Patristic Philosophy Mediaeval Philosophers Were For The Most Part Christian Theo Logians, And A Detailed History Of Their Views Belongs To The History Of Christian Dogma Rather Than To The History Of Phil Osophy. Here Our Business Is Only With The Limited Philosophical Aspect Of That Complex And Interesting Story. ...
Patron
Patron, A Word Of Which The Various Meanings In Europea Languages Are Derived From That Of The Lat. Patronus. (see Below Patron And Client.) The Earliest Use Of The Word In English Appears To Have Been In The Special Sense Of The Holder Of An Advowson, The Right Of Presentation ...
Paul I 1754 1801
Paul I. (1754-1801), Emperor Of Russia, Was Born In The Summer Palace In St. Petersburg On Oct. 1 (n.s.), 1754. He Was The Son Of The Grand Duchess, Afterwards Empress, Catherine. Scandal Said That His Father Was Not Her Husband The Grand Duke Peter, Afterwards Emperor, But One Colonel Soltykov. ...
Paul Ii
Paul Ii. (pietro Barbo), Pope From Aug. 3o, 1464, To July 26, 1471, Was Born At Venice In 1417. He Was Made Cardinal-priest Of Sta. Cecilia, Then Of St. Marco By Nicholas V., Was A Favourite Of Calixtus Iii. And Was Unanimously And Unexpectedly Elected The Successor Of Pius Ii. ...
Paul Iii
Paul Iii. (alessandro Farnese), Pope From 1534 To 1549, Was Born On Feb. 28, 1468. As A Pupil Of The Famous Pomponius Laetus And, Subsequently, As A Member Of The Circle Of Cosmo De' Medici He Received A Finished Education. His Advancement Was Rapid. To The Liaison Between His Sister ...
Paul Iv
Paul Iv. (giovanni Pietro Caraffa), Pope From 1555 To 1559, Was Born On June 28, 1476, Of A Noble Neapolitan Family. His Ecclesiastical Preferment He Owed To The Influence Of An Uncle, Cardinal Oliviero Caraffa. Having Filled The Post Of Nuncio In Eng Land And Spain, He Served Successive Popes ...
Paul Painleve
Painleve, Paul French Politician, Was Born In Paris On Dec. 5, 1863. He Was Educated At The T Cole Normale Superieure And Became A Doctor In Mathematical Science, Soon Showing Himself To Be A Mathematician Of The First Rank. He Became A Professor At The Sorbonne, And Was Elected A ...
Paul V
Paul V. (camillo Borghese), Successor Of Leo Xi., Was Horn In Rome On Sept. 17, 1552, Of A Noble Family. He Studied In Perugia And Padua, Became A Canon Lawyer And Was Vice-legate In Bologna. As A Reward Of A Successful Mission To Spain Clement Viii. Made Him Cardinal (1596) ...
Paul Of Samosata
Paul Of Samosata, Patriarch Of Antioch (26o-272), Was, If We May Credit The Encyclical Letter Of His Ecclesiastical Opponents Preserved In Eusebius's History, Bk. Vii. Ch. 3o, Of Humble Origin. The Letter Just Mentioned Is The Only Indisput Ably Contemporary Document Concerning Him And Was Addressed To Dionysius And Maximus, ...
Paulicians
Paulicians, An Evangelical Christian Church Spread Over Asia Minor And Armenia From The 5th Century Onwards. The Armenian Patriarch John Iv. (c. 728) States That Nerses, His Predecessor, Had Chastised The Sect, But Ineffectually; And That After His Death (c. 554) They Had Continued To Lurk In Armenia. An Anonymous ...
Paulinism
Paulinism Of Recent Years The Ambiguity Lurking In This Term, Used To De Scribe Paul's Teaching As A Whole, Has Been Realized. For Paul, If "the First Christian Theologian," Was No Systematic Theologian. His Mind Was Fundamentally Semitic. It Seized On One Truth At A Time, Penetrating To The Underlying ...
Pauls Life
Paul's Life Early Life.—"saul, Who Is Also Paul," Was "a Hebrew, Of He Brews" Born, I.e., Of Strict Jewish Origin (phil. Iii. 5). Yet, As His Double Name Suggests, He Was Reared Amid The Dispersion, At Tarsus In Cilicia, The Son Of A Roman Citizen (acts Xxii. 28). Paulus Was ...
Pauper
Pauper. In The United States A Pauper Is A Person So Des Titute That He Must Be Supported At The Public Expense. In The Several States There Are Statutes Which Make Provision For The Support Of The Poor. In The Particular And Technical Sense In Which The Term Is Commonly ...
Pausanias
Pausanias (5th Century B.c.), Spartan Regent And Commander, Of The Agiad Family, Son Of Cleombrotus. He Suc Ceeded His Father As Regent For Pleistarchus, The Son Of Leonidas, In 479 B.c. He First Distinguished Himself As Commander Of The Combined Greek Forces In The Victory Of The Plataea (q.v.). In ...
Pausanias
Pausanias, Greek Traveller And Geographer Of The 2nd Century A.d., Was Probably A Native Of Lydia, And Was Possibly Born At Magnesia Ad Sipylum ; He Was Certainly Interested In Pergamum And Familiar With The Western Coast Of Asia Minor; But His Travels Extended Far Beyond The Limits Of Ionia. ...
Pavia
Pavia (anc. Ticinum, Q.v.), A Town Of Lombardy, Italy, Capital Of The Province Of Pavia, On The Ticino About 2 M. Above Its Junction With The Po, 221 M. S. Of Milan By Rail, 253 Ft. Above Sea-level. Pop. (1931), 30,132 (town) ; 50,325 (com Mune). On The Right Bank ...
Pawnbroking
Pawnbroking Is The Business Of Lending Money On The Security Of Goods Taken In Pledge. If We Desire To Trace With Minuteness The History Of Pawnbroking We Must Go Back To The Earliest Ages Of The World, Since The Business Of Lending Money On Portable Security (see Money-lending, And Usury) ...