Saturn
Saturn ( ) Is The Sixth Major Planet In Order Of Distance From The Sun, And Is The Most Remote Planet That Was Known Before The Discovery Of Uranus In 1781. Its Mean Distance From The Sun Is About 885,900,000 M. And Its Periodic Time About 291 Years. Its Synodic ...
Saturnian Metre
Saturnian Metre [lat., Saturnius, See Saturn] , A Native Italian Metre, Used In Some Of The Oldest Known Latin Compositions. It Was In Later Times Wholly Displaced By Greek Metres, And But Few Specimens Survive. These Are (i) Inscrip Tions, Notably Some Of The Epitaphs Of The Scipios, (2) Frag ...
Saturnus Saturn
Saturn, Saturnus, Saeturnus, A Roman God Of Sowing, Or Of Seed-corn (satus), Identified With Cronus (q.v.), For Reasons No Longer Apparent. His Cult Was So Over-laid With Greek Features That Almost Nothing Is Known Of Its Original Form. His Cult-partner Was The Very Obscure Goddess Lua (hies, Plague Or Destruction) ...
Sauce
Sauce, A Flavouring Or Seasoning For Food, Usually In A Liquid Or Semi-liquid State, Either Served Separately Or Mixed With The Dish. The Preparation Of Suitable Sauces Is One Of The Essentials Of Good Cookery. The Word Comes Through The Fr. From The Lat. Salsa, Salted Or Pickled Food (saline, ...
Saugor Or Sagar
Saugor Or Sagar, So Named After Its Beautiful Lake, A Town And District Of British India In The Jubbulpur Division Of The Central Provinces. The Town, In A Picturesque Situation On A Spur Of The Vindhyan Hills About 1,7oo Feet Above Sea Level, Has A Sta Tion Of The Indian ...
Saul
Saul, Son Of Kish, A Benjamite, Was The First King Of Israel. He Began To Reign C. 1025 B.c. The Traditions As To His History Are Closely Interwoven With Those Concerning Samuel And David. Various Views May Be Taken Of These Records, Among The Most Dramatic In Sacred Literature But, ...
Sault Sainte Marie
Sault Sainte Marie (scro-sant-ma-re'), A City Of Michigan, U.s.a., At The East End Of The Upper Peninsula, On St. Mary's River, The Outlet From Lake Superior Into Lake Huron; A Port Of Entry And The County Seat Of Chippewa County. It Is On Federal Highway 2 And Is The Northern ...
Saumur
Saumur, A Town Of Western France, Capital Of An Arrondisse Ment In The Department Of Maine-et-loire, 28 M. S.e. Of Angers On The Railway To Tours. Pop. (1931) 14,388. The Saumur Caves Along The Loire And On Both Sides Of The Valley Of The Thouet Must Have Been Occupied At ...
Sausages
Sausages Are Mentioned By Athenaeus In The Deipnoso Phists, A.d. 228, The Oldest Cookery Book That Has Come Down To Us; He Says "epicharmus Mentions Sausages, Calling Them Oryae, A Name By Which He Even Entitles One Of His Plays, The Orya"; This Was Written About 50o B.c. Again: "aristophanes ...
Sauternes
Sauternes Are White Wines Made In The Vineyards Of Sauternes And Of The Adjoining Parishes Of Bommes, Barsac, Preignac And Fargues In France. In All These Parishes, Which Form The Sauternes District, The Soil And Subsoil Are Entirely Different From The Soil And Subsoil Of The Graves District, Which It ...
Savannah
Savannah, A City Of South-eastern Georgia, U.s.a., On The Savannah River, 18 M. From The Atlantic Ocean; A Port Of Entry And The County Seat Of Chatham County. It Is On Federal Highways 17 And 8o; Has A Municipal Airport; And Is Served By The Atlantic Coast Line, The Central ...
Savings Banks
Savings Banks. In Any Consideration Of The Dimensions Of Savings Bank Deposits, It Is Impossible To Divorce The Problem From The Effects Of The World-war And The Post-war Period. The General Table Given Below Takes This All-important Point Into Account, For It Is Designed To Include 1913, The Year Immediately ...
Savoie
Savoie, A Department Of France, Formed In 186o Of The Old Provinces Of Haute Savoie, Savoie, The Tarentaise And The Maurienne, Which Constituted The Southern Portion Of The Duchy Of Savoy. It Is Bounded North By The Department Of Haute Savoie, East And South-east By Italy, South-west By The Department ...
Savona
Savona, A Seaport And Episcopal See Of Liguria, Italy, The Capital Of The Province Of Savona, 27 M. W.s.w. Of Genoa By Rail, 33 Ft. Above Sea-level, And After Genoa And Nice The Most Important Of The Cities Of The Riviera. Pop. (1931) 46,010, Town; 60,621, Commune. The Greater Part ...
Sawantwari
Sawantwari: See Savantwadi. The Name Given To Members Of The Division Symphyta Of The Order Hymenoptera (q.v.), Characterized By The Broad Base To The Abdomen, Where It Joins The Thorax, And By The Wing-veins Being Less Reduced Than In Other Members Of The Order. Their Name Is Derived From The ...
Sawing Machines
Sawing Machines. The Saw Is One Of The Most Valu Able Tools, And Just As There Are Many Varieties Of Hand-saws So There Are Many Machines, Suited For Sawing Wood, Bone, Fibre, Stone, Marble, Slate And Metals, And Varying In Size From Little Fret-sawing Machines To The Huge Machines Which ...
Saws
Saws, Cutting-tools With Toothed Edges. The Various Types Of Saw May Be Classified Into Reciprocating, Revolving, And Travel Ling, I.e., Band-saws Passing Around Wheels. The First Class In Cludes Numerous Hand- And Machine-operated Blades, Some Cut Ting Only On The One Stroke, Others Cutting Both Backwards And Forwards. The Second ...
Saxe Weimar Eisenach
Saxe-weimar-eisenach, Formerly A Grand Duchy Of Germany And A Sovereign And Constituent State Of The German Empire, And Since 1918 Amalgamated Into Thuringia (q.v.). Art, He Attracted To His Court The Leading Scholars In Germany; Goethe, Schiller, And Herder Were Members Of This Illustrious Band, And The Little State Attracted ...
Saxifragaceae
Saxifragaceae, In Botany, A Small Family Of Dicotyle Dons Belonging To The Sub-class Archichlamydeae And The Cohort Rosales. There Are Ninety Genera With About 75o Species Dis Tributed Through The Arctic And North Temperate Zone, Often Alpine. It Is Represented In Britain By Its Largest Genus Saxifraga (see Saxifrage), Clirysospleniurn ...
Saxo Grammaticus
Saxo Grammaticus (c. 1150—c. 1206), Danish His Torian And Poet, Belonging To A Family Of Warriors, His Father And Grandfather Having Served Under Valdemar I., King Of Denmark (d. 1182). Saxo Was In The Service Of Archbishop Absalon From About 1182 To 1201. At The Archbishop's Suggestion He Began, About ...
Saxons
Saxons, A Teutonic People Mentioned For The First Time By Ptolemy About The Middle Of The 2nd Century. At That Time They Are Said To Have Inhabited The Neck Of The Cimbric Peninsula, By Which We Have Probably To Understand The Modern Province Of Schleswig, Together With Three Islands Lying ...
Saxony
Saxony, Province Of, One Of The Provinces Of Prussia, Consists Mainly Of What Was Formerly The Northern Part Of The Kingdom Of Saxony, Which Was Ceded To Prussia In 1815, Also Comprises Part Of The Former Duchy Of Magdeburg And Other Districts, The Connection Of Which With Prussia Is Of ...
Saxony
Saxony, One Of The German Lander, Ranking Among The Con Stituent States Of The German Reich Fifth In Area And Third In Population, Bounded On The South By Czechoslovakia, On The West By Bavaria And Thuringia And On The West, North And East By Prussia. Its Frontiers Have A Circuit ...
Saxophone
Saxophone, A Modern Hybrid Musical Instrument Invented By Adolphe Sax, Having The Clarinet Mouthpiece With Single Reed Applied To A Conical Brass Tube. In General Appearance The Saxo Phone Resembles The Bass Clarinet, But The Tube Of The Latter Is Cylindrical And Of Wood; Both Instruments Are Doubled Up Near ...
Scaffold Or Scaffolding
Scaffold Or Scaffolding, Properly A Platform Or Stage, Particularly One Of A Temporary Character Erected For View Ing Or Displaying Some Spectacle. The Most General Modern Appli Cation Of The Word, However, Refers To The Temporary Frames And Platforms Erected Or Suspended At Convenient Heights To Afford Easy Access To ...
Scaliger
Scaliger, The Latinized Name Of The Great Della Scala Family. (see Verona.) It Has Also Been Borne By Two Scholars Of Extraordinary Eminence. Vigorous Invective, Displaying An Astonishing Command Of Latin, And Much Brilliant Rhetoric, But Full Of Vulgar Abuse, And Com Pletely Missing The Point Of The Ciceronianus Of ...
Scalp
Scalp, In Anatomy, The Covering Of The Top Of The Head From The Skin To The Bone. The Skin Of The Scalp Is Thick And Contains A Large Number Of Hair Follicles. The Arteries Are Remarkable For Their Tortuosity, Which Is An Adaptation To So Movable A Part ; For ...
Scalping
Scalping. The Common Term For The Practice Of Remov Ing, As A Trophy, A Portion Of The Skin, "shell" Or "sheath," With Hair Attached, From An Enemy's Head. The Custom Was Not Un Known To The Old World, As It Was Mentioned By Herodotus As Practised By The Scythians. It ...
Scandinavian Civilization
Scandinavian Civilization. At The Close Of The Ice Age Climatic Conditions At Last Allowed Man To Enter Scandi Navia; But Authorities Differ As To When This Occurred, Suggestions Varying From 1o,000 B.c. To 6,000 B.c. Or More Rude Upright Stones, Roofed By A Single Great Stone Slab, And Often Still ...
Scandinavian Languages
Scandinavian Languages. Closely Allied Lan Guages Are And Have Been Spoken By The Teutonic Population In Scandinavia, And By The Inhabitants Of The Countries That Have Been Wholly Or Partially Peopled From It, In Sweden, Except Where Finnish And Lappish Prevail; In Southern Russia (government Of Kerson), A Village Colonized ...
Scapa Flow
Scapa Flow, An Expanse Of Sea, In The South Of The Ork Neys, Bounded By Pomona On The North, Burray And South Ronaldshay On The East And South-east, And Hoy On The West And South-west. The Area Contains Seven Small Islands And Is About 15 M. In Length From North ...
Scaphopoda
Scaphopoda. A Group Of Marine Invertebrate Animals Popularly Called Elephant's Tusk Shells And Constituting A Class Of The Mollusca (q.v.). They Are Repre Sented By 12 Genera (of Which Dentalium Is The Most Familiar), And Over 30o Species, And Are The Smallest Molluscan Class. Their Structure Is Quite Distinct From ...
Scapolite
Scapolite, A Group Of Rock-forming Minerals, Which Are Silicates Of Aluminium With Calcium Or Sodium But Containing More Or Less Chlorine, Carbonate Or Sulphate Radicals. The Scapolites (gr. Akii.ros, Rod, Mhos, Stone) Must Be Regarded As Variable Isomorphous Mixtures Of The Following Five Components : Ma =3naa1si3os•nacl—chloride-marialite Mas=3naaisi30s.na2so4—sulphate-marialite Mac=3naalsi308.na2co3—carbonate-marialite Mec=3caal2si2os•caco3—carbonate-meionite ...
Scaramouch
Scaramouch, Properly A Buffoon, Used Later Colloquially For A Ne'er-do-well. The Name Was That Of A Stock Character In 17th Century Italian Farce, Scaramuccia (i.e., Literally "skir Mish"), Who, Attired Usually In A Black Spanish Dress, Burlesquing A "don," Was Beaten By Harlequin For His Boasting And Cowardice. Scarborough, A ...
Scarlet Fever Or Scarlatina
Scarlet Fever Or Scarlatina, Names Applied In Differently To An Acute Infectious Disease, Characterized By High Fever, Accompanied With Sore Throat And A Diffuse Red Rash Upon The Skin. This Fever Appears To Have Been First Accurately Described By Sydenham In 1676, Before Which Period It Had Evidently Been Confounded ...
Scarpanto
Scarpanto: See Karpathos. In His Early Years He Had Been Something Of A Libertine. In 1649 A Penniless Lady Of Good Family, Celeste Palaiseau, Kept His House In The Rue D'enfer, And Tried To Reform The Gay Company Which Assembled There. But In 1652, Sixteen Years After He Had Become ...
Scepticism
Scepticism Means In Greek Philosophical (akerroktat) Usage To Hesitate, To Reflect, To Examine, To Consider Pros And Cons, To Be Unable To Arrive At A Decision Or To Rest Content With Surmise. Strictly Defined, It Is The Denial Of The Possibility Of Knowing Reality; That Is To Say, The Human ...
Schaffhausen
Schaffhausen, The Most Northerly Swiss Canton, Lying Almost Wholly North Of The Rhine, Which, In Part, Separates It From The Cantons Of Zurich And Thurgau. On The Other Sides It Is Surrounded By Baden, Portions Of Which Separate The Canton Into Three Detached Portions; The Largest Is The Region Near ...
Schaffhausen_2
Schaffhausen, Fr. Schaffhouse, The Capital Of The Swiss Canton Of That Name, Situated On Rising Ground Above The Right Bank Of The Rhine, And 31 M. By Rail W. Of Constance. In 1920 It Had 20,064 Inhabitants (18,872 German-speaking), While There Were 14,023 Protestants, 5,811 Roman Catholics, And 39 Jews. ...
Schappe
Schappe. A Term Denoting A Particular Type Of Yarn Spun From "schappe" Waste Silk From Which The Natural Gum, Termed Sericin Has Not Been Entirely Removed Or Discharged Either By "boiling-off" By The English System Of "degumming" Raw Silk, Or By The Alternative Continental System Of Fermentation, Known As "schapping." ...
Schenectady
Schenectady (ske-nek'ta-di), A City Of New York, U.s.a., The County Seat Of Schenectady County; 16 M. N.w. Of Albany, On The Mohawk River. It Has An Airport, And Is Served By The Delaware And Hudson, The New York Central, The West Shore And Electric Railways. Pop. (1920) 88,723 (23% Foreign-born ...
Scherzo
Scherzo (italian For "a Joke") ; In Music, A Quick Move Ment Evolved From The Minuet And Used In The Position Thereof In The Sonata Forms (q.v.). The Term Is Also Used As A Mere Character Name. Haydn First Used It And Its Adverb Scherzando, For The Middle Movement Of ...
Schists
Schists, In Petrology, Metamorphic Rocks Which Have A Fis Sile Character (gr. To Split) ; In All There Is At Least One Mineral Which Crystallizes In Platy Forms (e.g. Mica, Talc, Chlorite, Haematite), Or In Long Blades Or Fibres (anthophyllite, Tremolite, Actinolite, Tourmaline), And, When These Have A Well Marked ...
Schleswig
Schleswig, Town And Capital Of The Prussian Province Of Schleswig-holstein On The Narrow Arm Of The Sea Called The Schlei, 3o M. To The N.w. Of Kiel On The Railway From Hamburg To Flensburg. Pop. (1933) 20,687. The Town Consists Mainly Of A Single Street, 31- M. Long, Forming A ...
Schleswig Holstein Question
Schleswig Holstein Question The Name Given To The Whole Complex Of Diplomatic And Other Issues Arising In The 19th Century Out Of The Relations Of The Two "elbe Duchies," Schleswig And Holstein, To The Danish Crown On The One Hand And The German Confederation On The Other, Which Came To ...
Schofar Or Shofer Shofar
Shofar, Schofar Or Shofer, The Ancient Ram's Horn Trumpet Of The Hebrews. It Consisted Of A Natural Horn Turned Up At The Bell End, And, Having A Short Conical Bore Of Very Large Calibre, It Would Be Capable Of Producing At Most The Funda Mental Octave And Twelfth. The Japanese ...
Scholasticism
Scholasticism, The Name Usually Employed To Denote The Most Typical Products Of Mediaeval Thought, And Commonly Employed With Differing Shades Of Meaning Down To Modern Times When Its Application Has Become Fixed In Accordance With The Latest Views Of Modern Philosophy. These Views Are So Far-reach Ing And Complicated That ...
Schongauer
Schongauer (or Shon), Martin (c. Engraver And Painter Of The Early German School. His Father Was A Goldsmith Named Caspar, A Native Of Augsburg, Who Had Settled At Colmar, Where The Chief Part Of Martin's Life Was Spent. Schongauer Established At Colmar A Very Important School Of Engraving, Out Of ...
School Administration In The
School Administration In The United States Differs From That In Most Other Nations In That It Is Less Centralized. While It Is Common To Speak Of The Amer Ican Public School System, Legally At Least There Is No Such Organ Ization. Education In The United States, In All Its Branches, ...
School Architecture
School Architecture. Modern School Buildings Are Very Different In Design From Those Of The 19th Century. It Is Now Recognized That The Health And Happiness Of The Children Must Be The First Consideration If They Are To Take Full Advantage Of The Education Provided. Consequently, In The Latest Designs, Every ...
School Hygiene And Physical
School Hygiene And Physical Education Form Very Important Branches Of Public Hygiene In The United States. The School, Since Practically All The Children Are Collected There, Furnishes The Great Opportunity For Caring For The Health Of All The People. During Recent Years The Importance Of This Has Been Recognized, And ...
School Libraries
School Libraries. The School Library Is A Compara Tively Late Development In British Elementary Education. (for The School Library In The U.s., See Libraries.) Under The Old System Of Payment By Results There Was Little Opportunity Of Straying From The Narrow Path Represented By The "three Rs." But Teachers Have ...
School Meals
School Meals. The Feeding Of Needy Children Of School Age Was First Started In France By The Institution Of Cantines Scolaires. Pioneer Work Of A Similar Kind Was Established At Manchester, Bradford, London And Other Large Towns In The Later Years Of The 19th Century. Meals Thus Provided Were Usually ...
School And The Home
School And The Home. Direct Co-operation Between Home And School Is Far Less Developed In England Than In The United States (see Parental Education) Or Germany. Never Theless, English Parents And Schoolmasters Are Beginning To Think Alike, Or At Least To Realize That They Are All Fighting In The Same ...
Schools Of Art
Schools Of Art.) Groups Associated With Museums.—reference Has Been Made To The Development Of Art Museums Through The Instrumen Tality Of Art Associations. The Individual Members Of The Metro Politan Museum Of Art, New York, Now Number More Than 13,25o. The Museum Of Fine Arts, Boston, Formed In The Same ...
Schwerin
Schwerin, A German Town, Capital Of The Former Republic Of Mecklenburg-schwerin, Situated At The South-west Corner Of The Lake Of Schwerin 129 M. By Rail N.w. Of Berlin, And 20 M. S. Of The Baltic. Pop. (1933) 53,571. Schwerin Is Mentioned As A Wendish Stronghold In 1 O18, Its Name ...
Schwyz
Schwyz, One Of The Ancient Forest Cantons Of Central Switzerland. Its Total Area (1923-24 Determinations) Is 350.5 Sq.m., Of Which 78.7% Are Reckoned As "productive" (forests Covering 72.4 Sq.m. And Vineyards About 3o Ac.) While Of The Rest 18.1 Sq.m. Are Occupied By The Larger Lakes (chiefly Several Square Miles ...
Science
Science Until Recent Years Science Unfortunately Was Relegated To The Specialists, But During The Last Two Decades Great Strides Have Been Made In The Teaching Of Scientific Subjects. That Science For All Is A National Need Was One Of The Outstanding Lessons Of The World War, And The Publication Of ...
Science
Science, A Word Which, In Its Broadest Sense, Is Synonymous With Learning And Knowledge. (lat Scientia, From Scire, To Learn, Know.) Accordingly It Can Be Used In Connection With Any Quali Fying Adjective, Which Shows What Branch Of Learning Is Meant. But In General Usage A More Restricted Meaning Has ...