In Japan there are two imperial universities—Tokyo (1868) and Kyoto (1897)—the former representing the union of two pre-existing foundations, on which occasion it was placed under the control of the minister of instruction with yearly grants from the Treasury. Kyoto was formed out of four previously existing colleges of law, medicine, science and engineering. The number of universities in the country has since been considerably augmented.
The "National University" of Athens (founded May 22, 1837) was modelled on the university systems of northern Germany. It originally included only four faculties, viz., theology, jurisprudence, medicine and philosophy, to which one of applied mathematics was subsequently added.
The University of Jassy (186o) in Rumania, was founded by its ruler, Prince Cuza, and together with the newly-founded University of Bucharest, received its completed organization in 1864. Both were constituted State institutions and were represented in the senate, although not re ceiving any fixed revenues from the Government. Its students are instructed and examined gratuitously. The University of Czernowitz (Cernauti), founded in 1875, is now Rumanian. In the University of Sofia (1888) in Bulgaria, faculties were established, in the course of the ensuing four years, of history, philology, physics, mathematics and jurisprudence, the main object in view being the training of competent teachers of schools and of law yers, and affording them the means of gaining an intelligent in sight into the real wants of the native population. The University of Constantinople (or Stambul) was founded, in 190o, at the jubilee festival in honour of the sultan's succession to the throne. It includes five faculties, with a school of dentistry.
The beginnings of the University of Monte video go back to 1840. Its importance, however, dates from the foundation of a medical school in 1876. Faculties in law and mathematics were subsequently added, and, still later, one in architecture. The National university of La Plata was opened (1905-08) in the city of that name, under the auspices of the University of Philadelphia—university extension being a feature. It possesses to-day eight faculties—law, mathematics, medicine, natural science, veterinary science, agriculture and art. It con tained, in 1825, nearly 2,000 students. The Central university of Venezuela goes back to the old Spanish days, having been founded in 1725. For a long time it was little more than a branch of the royal Spanish academy for education in the Spanish language. It now consists of four schools in mathematics and science, law, medicine and pharmacy. The largest university in Argentine is the National university at Buenos Aires, founded in 1920. It has six faculties and a large array of professors and over 8,000 students. Rio Janeiro university was founded in 1920 out of two existing faculties in medicine and law. Lima university has a long and interesting history. In 1553 it was a Dominican seminary.
In 1574 it was separated from the Order and became an indepen dent establishment for students in philosophy and theology. In 1633 medicine was added. To-day it has over i,000 students.
Santiago, in Chile, which dates back to 1743, has five faculties.
The Central university of Ecuador, founded towards the end of the 18th century, was reorganized in 1895. It possessed 303 stu dents in 1925. Other South American universities are Cordoba (Argentine) which goes back to 1613, with three faculties, La Paz and Sucre (Bolivia) each with three faculties, Asuncion (Para guay) with two. The Nazional Universidad de Litoral (at Santa Fe, Argentine) founded in 1920, has faculties in law, chemistry and agriculture. This list is not exhaustive and it is difficult in some cases to assess the standard of work in some of the univer sities given above.
Havana university was created in 1728, but its present activities date from 1900, when it was refounded. There are three faculties in letters and science, medicine and pharmacy, and law.
Af ter the Ref orma tion Cambridge had become the centre of a remarkable movement (a reflex of the influence of the Cartesian philosophy), which at tracted for a time considerable attention. Its leaders, known as the Cambridge Platonists, among whom Henry More and Cud worth were especially conspicuous, were men of high character and great learning, although too much under the influence of an ill-restrained enthusiasm and purely speculative doctrines. The spread of the Baconian philosophy, and the example of a succes sion of eminent scientific thinkers, among whom were Isaac Bar row, master of Trinity (1673-77), the two Lucasian professors, Isaac Newton (prof. 1669-1702) and his successor William Whis ton (prof. 1702-10, and Roger Cotes (Plumian prof. 1707-16), began to render the exact sciences more and more an object of study, and the institution of the tripos examinations in the course of the first half of the 18th century established the reputation of Cambridge as a school of mathematical science. At Oxford, where the study had, in turn, declined, and where the statutable require ments with respect to lectures and exercises were suffered to fall into neglect, academic culture declined. But in the i9th century the range of studies was extended both at Oxford and Cambridge; written examinations took the place of the often merely formal viva voce ceremonies; at Cambridge the study of the classics was raised, in 1824, to the dignity of a new tripos. The number of the students at both universities increased, the matriculations at each rising to over 400. The recommendations of the Royal Com mission of 1830 were not all carried into effect, but the profes soriate was considerably increased, reorganized and re-endowed, by means of contributions from colleges. The colleges were emancipated from their mediaeval statutes, were invested with new constitutions, and acquired new legislative powers. The fellowships were almost universally thrown open to merit. The great mass of vexatious and obsolete oaths were swept away; and, though candidates for the M.A. degree and persons elected to fellowships were subjected to a religious test, it was abolished for matriculation and the B.A.