Ubangi
Ubangi, A River Of Equatorial Africa (extreme Length 1,400 M.), The Chief Northern Affluent Of The Congo (q.v.). The Ubangi (otherwise Mubangi Or Mobangi) Enters The Congo By Various Mouths Between O° 2 2' And O° 3 7' S. And 17° 4o' And 17° 5o' E. The Ubangi Is Formed ...
Udaipur Or Mewar
Udaipur Or Mewar, An Indian State In The Rajputana Agency. Area, 12,694 Sq.m. Pop. (1931), 1,566,91o. The Greater Part Of The Country Is Level Plain. A Section Of The Aravalli Moun Tains Extends Over The South-western And Southern Portions, And Is Rich In Minerals, But The Mines Have Been Long ...
Udine
Udine, A Town And Archiepiscopal See Of Venetia, Italy, Capital Of The Province Of Udine, Situated Between The Gulf Of Venice And The Alps, 84 M. By Rail N.e. Of Venice, 450 F T. Above Sea-level. Pop. (1931) 31,703 (town) ; 66,488 (commune). The Interesting Porta Aquileia (14th Cent.) Is ...
Uganda
Uganda, A British Protectorate In Eastern Equatorial Af Rica, Lying Between Lake Victoria And Lakes Albert And Edward, And Between The Mountain Nile And Lake Rudolf. The Same Name Was Originally Applied To The Bantu Kingdom Of Buganda, Which Is One Of The Provinces Of The Protectorate, And Is Now ...
Uighur
Uighur, The Name Of A Turkish Tribe And Dynasty Who Came From The East And Ruled In Kashgaria From The Loth To The 12th Century. They Used A Variety Of The Syriac Alphabet. (see Turks.) Uist (oist), North And South, Islands, Outer Heb Rides, Inverness-shire, Scotland. North Uist Lies South-west ...
Ukraine
Ukraine, A Socialist Soviet Republic Of European Russia, Recognised By The Soviet Government In December 1920, When A Treaty Was Signed Defining The Relations Between The Ukraine And The Union Of Socialist Soviet Republics. Area 451,730 Sq.km. Pop. C. 31,901,400. It Lies Between 46° And 20' N. And 26° And ...
Ukrainian Literature
Ukrainian Literature. The Ukrainians Are The Descendants Of The South Russians Of The Kiev Period, And Have Consequent Claims To Regard The Russian Literature Of The Ii-13th Century As Ukrainian. But As The Literary Tradition Was Preserved Only In Muscovy, The Period Is Treated Under Russian Language And Literature. There ...
Ulcer
Ulcer. Medically, A Breach Of Either An External Or An Internal Surface, Occurring In The Course Of Disease And Accom Panied By Loss Of Tissue. Common Examples Are Cutaneous, Vari Cose, Corneal, Typhoid, Dysenteric, Gastric And Duodenal, Tubercu Lous, Syphilitic And Cancerous Ulcers. An Ulcer Has A Depressed Floor Or ...
Ulfilas
Ulfilas (c. 311-383), The Apostle Of Christianity To The Gothic Race, And, Through His Translation Of The Scriptures Into Gothic, The Father Of Teutonic Literature, Was Born Among The Goths At The Trans-danubian Provinces About The Year 311. The Arian Historian Philostorgius (hist. Eccl. Ii. 5) Says That His Grandparents ...
Ulianovsk
Ulianovsk, A Province Of The Russian S.f.s.r. Lying West Of The Volga River, With The Chuvash A.s.s.r. And The Tatar A.s.s.r. To The North, The Provinces Of Nizhegorod And Penza To The West, And Samara To The East. Area 34,986 Sq. Kilometres. Pop. (1926) 1,381,300. It Occupies Part Of The ...
Ulpian Domitius Ulpianus
Ulpian (domitius Ulpianus) , Roman Jurist, Was Of Tyrian Ancestry. His Literary Activity Lay Between 211 And 222. He Made His First Appearance In Public Life As Assessor In The Auditorium Of Papinian And Member Of The Council Of Septimius Severus ; Under Caracalla He Was Master Of The Requests ...
Ultimatum
Ultimatum, A Formal Intimation By One State To Another State That Unless The Latter Complies With Certain Terms Certain Consequences Will Follow. These Consequences May Be War Or Measures Short Of War; See International Law (public) ; Pacific Blockade; Reprisals; Laws Of War. A Declaration Of War May Be Either ...
Ultimogeniture
Ultimogeniture, The Custom By Which The Youngest Son Inherits The Homestead, Is Known In English Law As Borough English. In England It Obtained In Parts From Gloucester To Cambridgeshire. Under The Name Of Mainete And Jungerrecht It Was Known In Northern France And Northern Germany. In Assam It Is Found ...
Ultramarine
Ultramarine Occurs In Nature As The Colouring Princi Ple Of Lapis Lazuli, From Which It Was Originally Obtained By Crush Ing The Stone And Separating The Pure Material By Levigation. The Scarcity Of The Mineral, Which Is A Double Silicate Of Sodium And Aluminium With Some Combined Sulphur, And The ...
Ultramontanism
Ultramontanism, The Name Given To A Certain School Of Opinion In The Roman Catholic Church (lat. Ultra, Beyond, Montes, The Mountains). The Expression Ultramontane Was Origi Nally No More Than A Term Of Locality, Characterizing The Persons So Described As Living—or Derived From—"beyond The Mountains"; But From The Very Beginning ...
Ulverston
Ulverston, Market Town, Urban District, Lonsdale Parlia Mentary Division, Lancashire, England, In The Furness District, 8 M. N.e. From Barrow-in-furness, And 256 M. From London By The L.m.s. Railway. Pop. (1931) 9,235. The Church Of St. Mary, Founded In 1111, Retains The Original (transitional) South Door, But Is Mainly Perpendicular ...
Umballa Or Ambala
Umballa Or Ambala, A City And District Of British India, In The Punjab. The City Is 3 M. E. Of The River Ghaggar, 902 Ft. Above The Sea. Pop. (1931), 86,592. It Has A Station On The North-western Railway, With A Branch Line To Kalka At The Foot Of The ...
Umbelliferae
Umbelliferae, In Botany, A Family Of Polypetalous Di Cotyledons Belonging To The Order Umbelliflorae, Which Includes Also The Families Araliaceae (ivy Family) And Cornaceae (dogwood Family). It Contains 200 Genera With About 2,700 Species, Occur Ring In All Parts Of The World But Chiefly In North Temperate Re Gions. It ...
Umbria
Umbria ('oligpcki), The Name Of An Ancient And A Modern District Of Italy. I. The Ancient District Was Bounded In The Period Of The Roman Supremacy By The Ager Gallicus (in A Line With Ravenna) On The North, By Etruria (the Tiber) On The West, By The Sabine Terri Tory ...
Umbrian Language
Umbrian Language. The Dialect In Which The Iguvine Tables (see Ictivium) Are Written Is Usually Known As Umbrian, As It Is The Only Monument We Possess Of Any Length Of The Tongue Spoken In The Umbrian District Before It Was Latinized. The Language Is That Of A Certain Limited Area, ...
Underground Electric Railways Com
Underground Electric Railways Com Pany Of London Limited. This Company Was Incor Porated In April 1902, And Had For Its Object The Construction Of New Underground Railways In London And The Electrification Of The Metropolitan District Railway. In 1914, The Underground Company Changed Its Constitution And Became A Share And ...
Underground Railroad
Underground Railroad, A Term Used Popularly To Designate An Organized System Existing In The Northern States Of The United States Prior To The Civil War By Which Slaves Were Secretly Helped By Sympathetic Northerners And In Defiance Of The Fugitive Slave Laws (q.v.), To Make Their Way To Canada, And ...
Unemployment
Unemployment. The Term Unemployment Has Acquired Quite Definite Technical Significance. A League Of Nations Com Mittee Stated In 1919: "an Unemployed Person Is Regarded As One Who Is Seeking Work For Wages, But Is Unable To Find Any Suit Ed To His Capacities And Under Conditions Which Are Reasonable, Judged ...
Unemployment Insurance
Unemployment Insurance. Prior To 1912 No Country Had A National System Of Compulsory Insurance. The Brit Ish National Insurance Act Of 1911 Was The First To Incorporate Compulsory Unemployment Insurance Into The Institutional Struc Ture Of A Nation. Since That Time It Has Become A Part Of The Legal Structure ...
Unemployment Insurance Relief
Unemployment Insurance; Relief.) Unemployment Should Be Distinguished From Idleness. An Un Employed Person Is Idle, From The Economic Standpoint, But An Idle Person Is Not Necessarily An Unemployed Person. The Idle Rich, Vagrants, The Unemployable, Etc., Are Idle But Not Unemployed. Not All Contractions Of Employment By Industries Result In ...
Unemployment Statistics
Unemployment Statistics. The Following Arti Cle Deals Merely With Unemployment Figures And Their Interpreta Tion, And As Far As Possible Refrains From Drawing Deductions From Them. Prior To The Year 1912 Almost The Only Statistics Of Unemploy Ment In The United Kingdom Were Those Relating To Unemployment Among The Members ...
Ungava
Ungava, The Northern Portion Of The Province Of Quebec, Bounded By Hudson Bay On The West ; Hudson Strait And Ungava Bay On The North; And The Coast Strip Of Labrador Belonging To Newfoundland On The East. The Area Is Estimated At More Than 300,00o Sq.m. And Includes Much Of ...
Ungulata
Ungulata, An Order Or Super-order Of Placental Mam Mals Including The Hoofed Herbivorous Quadrupeds. Aristotle In His Work On The Parts Of Animals, In Describing The Extremities Of The Viviparous Quadrupeds, Says That ". . . Some Are Bifid And Have Hoofs Instead Of Nails, As The Sheep, The Goat, ...
Unicorn
Unicorn, A Fabulous Beast, Usually Having The Head And Body Of A Horse, The Hind Legs Of An Antelope, The Tail Of A Lion (sometimes Horse's Tail), Sometimes The Beard Of A Goat, And As Its Chief Feature A Long, Sharp, Twisted Horn, Similar To The Narwhal's Tusk, Set In ...
Uniforms
Uniforms. The Word "uniform" (lat. Unus, One, And Forma, Form), Meaning Adjectively Homogeneous, Is Specifically Used As A Substantive For The Distinctive Naval, Military And Air Service Dress, Which Serves, In Its Various Styles, To Give Homo Geneity To The Several Services, Regiments And Ranks. Although In Ancient History We ...
Union Carbide And Carbon
Union Carbide And Carbon Corporation Was Organized In The State Of New York On November 1, 1917. It Is A Holding Company Owning All Of The Common Stock Of More Than Thirty-five Subsidiary Operating Companies. The Subsidiaries Have Been Pioneers In Scientific Development In Their Respective Fields, And Because Of ...
Union Pacific Railroad
Union Pacific Railroad Extends From The Mis Souri River At Council Bluffs, Omaha, St. Joseph, And Kansas City, Via Denver, Cheyenne, Ogden And Salt Lake City, To Los Angeles, To Portland, Ore., And To Seattle On Puget Sound (and In Con Nection With The Southern Pacific, To San Francisco And ...
Unitarianism
Unitarianism, A System Of Christian Thought And Re Ligious Observance, Deriving Its Name From Its Doctrine Of The Single Personality Of God The Father, In Contrast With The Trini Tarian Conception Of His Threefold Being As Father, Son And Holy Spirit. But The Significance Of The Movement Is Imperfectly In ...
United Brethren In Christ
United Brethren In Christ, An American Re Ligious Sect Which Originated In The Last Part Of The 18th Century Under The Leadership Of Philip William Otterbein (1726-1813), Pastor Of The Second Reformed Church In Baltimore, And Martin Boehm (1725-1812), A Pennsylvanian Mennonite Of Swiss De Scent. Otterbein And Boehm Licensed ...
United Free Church Of
United Free Church Of Scotland, A Religious Organization, Representing The Union Made In 1900 Between The Free Church Of Scotland (except A Dissentient Section Who Sep Arated Off And Retained The Name Of Free Church) And The United Presbyterian Church. (see Free Church Of Scotland And United Presbyterian Church.) The ...
United Kingdom Of Great
United Kingdom Of Great Britain And Ireland, The Title Of The Former Political Unity Composed Of England, Wales, Scotland And Ireland, Officially Adopted On Jan. I, 180i, When The Act Of Union Between Great Britain And Ire Land Came Into Force. The Name Great Britain Has Been Used Since The ...
United Presbyterian Church
United Presbyterian Church (of Scotland). This Presbyterian Organization, Merged Since 1900 In The United Free Church Of Scotland (see Above), Was Formed In 1847 By The Union Of The United Secession And Relief Churches. The General Causes Which Led To The First Great Secession From The Church Of Scotland, As ...
United Press Associations
United Press Associations, Founded In 1907 On The Principle Of Non-exclusive Collection And Distribution Of The Spot News Of The World, Has Developed An Organization Which Covers The United States And Canada With A Network Of 105,000 M. Of Leased Telegraph Lines. The Service Also Extends To 39 For Eign ...
United Provinces Of Agra
United Provinces Of Agra And Oudh. One Of The Nine Major Provinces Of British India, And Second Only To Bengal In Population (49,614,833 In 1931). Marching With Tibet And Nepal Along Its North And North-east Borders, It Covers A Corn Pact Area Of 112,191 Sq.m.; And Imbedded In It Are ...
United States Naval Academy
United States Naval Academy, An Institution Of Higher Learning Conducted By The U.s. Navy Department And Located At Annapolis, Md., For The Purpose Of Preparing Young Men To Enter The Lowest Commissioned Ranks Of The Navy And Marine Corps. It Is The Principal Source Of Officers. It Was Founded As ...
United States Shipping Board
United States Shipping Board, A Board Created By An Act Of Congress Approved Sept. 7, 1916, Entitled:— An Act To Establish A United States Shipping Board For The Purpose Of Encouraging, Developing And Creating A Naval Auxiliary And Naval Reserve And A Merchant Marine To Meet The Requirements Of The ...
United States Steel Corporation
United States Steel. Corporation, An Ameri Can Holding Company, Was Incorporated Under The Laws Of The State Of New Jersey, On Feb. 25, 1901. On Its Formation It Acquired The Steel Properties Of Many Of The Major Steel-making Interests In The United States Together With Anterior Properties Supplying The Steel-making ...
United Synagogue
United Synagogue, One Of The Six Chief Organizations Of London Jews. These Are, In Order Of Seniority: (i) The Spanish And Portuguese Jews' Congregation, Founded In 1657: Principal Synagogue, Bevis Marks, Aldgate (built 1699-1701) ; Three. Con Stituent Synagogues. The Post Of Haham Has Not Been Filled Since Dr. M. ...
Universal Language
Universal Language. The Term International Lan Guage Is Generally Used To Denote A Second, Or Auxiliary, Language For International Use. The Concept Has Been A Constant One, As We Are Reminded By The Story Of The Curse Of Babel; But The Ancient And Modern Solutions Have A Crucial Point Of ...
Universalist Church
Universalist Church, A Religious Body Organized In The United States, And Represented Chiefly By Parishes And Churches In That Country And Canada. A Distinction Should Be Noted Be Tween Universalism And The Universalist Denomination. Universal Ism—the Belief That The Whole Human Race Will Be "saved"—was A Doctrine Of Some Of ...
Universities
Universities. The Mediaeval Latin Term Universitas Was Originally Employed To Denote Any Community Or Corpora Tion. When Used In Its Modern Sense Of A Body Devoted To Learn Ing And Education, It Required The Addition Of Other Words, Such As Snagistrorum Et Scholarium. In The Course Of Time, Probably Towards ...
Universities Of Sweden And
Universities Of Sweden And Norway The Royal University Of Uppsala, Whose Foundation As A Stadium Generale Was Sanctioned By Pope Sixtus Iv. In 1477, Was Roused To New Life In The 17th Century By The Introduction Of The Cartesian Philosophy. In The 18th Century Lectures Began To Be Delivered In ...
University Architecture
University Architecture. The Earliest Univer Sities, Such As Paris, Bologna, Prague. Salamanca And Others Were Established In Towns, And It Is With The Buildings Of The Towns That The Universities Grew And Became Mingled. They Were Often Housed Under The Protection Of Religious Establishments In Monastic And Church Buildings, And, ...
University Colleges
University Colleges. The So-called University Col Leges In England Owe Their Rise To The Desire, In The 19th Century, To Bring Higher Education Within The Reach Of The Population Of Certain Regions To Whom The Existing Universities Were, For Reasons Of Cost Or Distance, Inaccessible. The Earliest Of Such Colleges, ...
University Extension
University Extension, A Term Applied To The Provision Of Lectures Or Other Teaching By Universities For The Gen Eral Public, Not Members Of The University. 1,709 Students. Substantial Grants In Aid Are Made By The Board Of Education And Local Authorities. The Central Joint Advisory Committee On Tutorial Classes, Formed ...
Unterwalden
Unterwalden, A Canton Of Switzerland, Consisting Of The Basins Of Two Streams, Both Called Aa, Flowing Into The Lake Of Lucerne And Divided Into Obwalden And Nidwalden. The Area Of The Canton (1923-24) 15 296.4 Sq.m. Forests Cover 84.2 Sq.m. And Glaciers Occupy Over 5 Sq.m. The Highest Point Is ...
Untouchables
Untouchables Are Members Of Certain Indian Castes Which, Though Reckoned As Hindus, Are Excluded From The Ordi Nary Social And Religious Privileges Of Hinduism. How They Came To Be Pushed Out Of, Or Never Admitted Within, The Pale Is Ob Scure. Probably In The Main They Represent Dravidians Of The ...
Unyoro
Unyoro, Properly, And Now Officially, Bunyoro, A Country Of East Central Africa Lying North-west Of Uganda, With Which The British Protectorate, Dating From 1896, Is Now Merged. It Has An Area Of 5,619 Sq.m. Most Is Plateau Land, 3,200 To 3,80o Ft. Above Sea Level, Intersected By Swamps, Deep Valleys ...