New Christians
New Christians, The Name Given To Jews Who, 400 Years Ago, Were Compelled By The Spanish Inquisition To Embrace Christianity In Order Ti Escape Torture And Death. Many Outwardly Complied, While Their Secret Attachment To Their Own Religion Was Un Changed. But Their Persecutors, Not Satisfied With Outward Professions, And ...
New Forest
New Forest, The Name Of A District In Hampshire (q.v.), Triangular In Shape, And Bounded On The W. By The River Avon, On The S, By The Coast, And On The N.e. By A Line Running From The Borders Of Wiltshire Along The Southampton Water. Area About 64,000 Acres. This ...
New Granada
New Granada, Since Sept. 1861, Has Been Officially Styled The United Slates Of Colombia. This Federative Republic Was Formed At The Convention Of Bogota, At The Date Specified, And Consists Of Nine "states," Panama, Santander, Cauca, Boyaca, Cundina Marea, Autioquia, Tolima, Bolivar, Magdalena. It Is Bounded On The N. By ...
New Hampshire
New Hampshire, One Of The Original Thirteen United States Of America, In Lat. 42° 41' —45' 11' N., Long. 70° 40'-72° 28' W., Is 176 In. Long, And On An Average 45 M. Wide, Having An Area Of 9,2s0 Sq.m., Or 5,939,200 Acres. It Is Bounded N. By Canada, E. ...
New Hampshire
New Hampshire (ante), Was First Visited By Capt. John Smith. The English Navi Gator, In 1614, And Next By A Capt. John Mason And Sir Ferdinand Gorges. In Some Of The Earliest Histories It Is Called Laconia, And In Others Capt. John Mason's Patent, And: Pascataqua. The First Settlements Were ...
New Iiaven
New Iiaven (ante) Is Situated On A Sandy Plain Inclosed Between The Quinipine And Mill Rivers On The E. And The West River On The W.; East Rock And West Rock On Either Side Are Of Volcanic Formation, About 450 Ft. In Height, And Front The City With Their Precipitous ...
New Jersey
New Jersey, One Of The Oriwinal Thirteen United States, In Let. 38° 55' To 41° 21' N., And Long. 73' 58' To 75° 29' W.-168 M. Long, With A Breadth Which Varies From 59 To 32 An Area Of 8,820 Sq.m., Or 5,324,800 Acres; Bounded N. By New York, E. ...
New Jersey
New Jersey (ante). One Of The Original Thirteen United States Of North America, Lying Between The Hudson River And The Atlantic Ocean On The E., New York On The N., Delaware Bay And River And Delaware And Pennsylvania On The W.,•and Delaware Bay On The S., Mostly Between 39' And ...
New Mexico
New Mexico, A Territory Belonging To The United States, Formerly A State Of Mexico, In Lat. 31° 22' To 37° N., Long. 103° To 109° 9' W., 350 In. From E. To W., And 350 To 400 From N. To S., With An Area Of 121,201 Sq. Miles; Bounded N. ...
New Mexico
New Mexico (ante). Since This Territory Came Into The Possession Of The United States By The Treaty Of Gandalupe Hidalgo, It Has Always Been Considered A Region Of Promise Both In Respect To Its Physical Conditions And Its Natural Resources. In 1830 It Was Organized As A Territory; And Three ...
New Orleans
New Orleans, Capital City And Port Of Entry Of Louisiana, On The Left Bank Of The Mississippi River, 100 M. From Its Mouth, Lat. 29° 58' N., Long. 90° West. The City Is Built On The Alluvial Banks Of The River, On Ground Lower Than The High-water Level, Protected From ...
New Orleans_2
New Orleans (ante), In Magnitude And Population, Is The Ninth City In The United States, And In The Value Of Its Exports And Foreign Commerce Ranks Next To New York. It Comprises About 40 Sq. M., One-half Of Which Is Closely Inhabited, While The Rest. Is Barely Redeemed From Being ...
New School And Old
New School And Old School Presbyterians, Formerly The Names Of Two Great Parties, And, 1838-70, Of The Two Principal Divisions In The Presbyterian Church Of The United States. The Parties Were Produced, And The Rending Of The Church Was Caused Chiefly By Three Forces Having Unequal Degrees Of Strength, But ...
New South Wales
New South Wales, A British Colony In The S.e. Of Australia. It Originally Com Prised All The Australian Settlements E. Of The 135th Meridian, But The Formation, Succes Sively, Of The Separate Colonies Of South Australia (1830), Victoria (1851), And Queensland (1859) Has Reduced It To More Moderate Dimensions. It ...
New Years Day
New-year's Day, The First Day Of The Year. The Custom Of Celebrating By Some Religious Observance, Accompanied By Festive Rejoicing, The First Day Of The Year, Appears To ]rave Prevailed_ Among Most Ot,the Ancient Natinns. The Jews,-the Egyptians, The Chinese, The Romans, And The Miffiiimmedang, Although Differing As To The ...
New York
New York. One Of The Thirteen Original States Of The United States Of America, Now The Most Important In Population And Wealth, Occupies An Irregular Triangular Area From The Atlantic Ocean To The Great Lakes, Lat. 40° 29' 40' To 45° 0' N., Long. 71° 51' To 79° 47' 25' ...
New York
New York (ante). It Is Claimed That John De Verrazano Landed On The Coast Of. New York In 1524, The First White Man Who Is Known To Have Been Within The Present Boundaries Of The State, Was Samuel Champlain, The French Navigator, Who Set Sail Down The Lake Which Was ...
New York_2
New York, The Most Important City And Sea-poi T Of The United States, And The Third In The Civilized World, Is Situated On The East Side Of The Mouth Of The Hudson River, At Its Confluence With A Narrow Strait Called East River, Which Opens Into Long Island Sound, In ...
New Zealand
New Zealand, A British Colony In The South Pacific Ocean, Consists Of Three Islands, Two Large And One Much Smaller, And Of A Number Of Islets Scattered Round The Coasts. These Islands, Which Arc Named Respectively North, South (sometimes Also Middle), And Stewart's Island, Are Situated 6,500 M. W. From ...
Newark
Newark, A City Of Essex Co., New Jersey, A Port Of Entry And Capital Of The Co.; Pop. '80, 136,400, Being An Increase Of 30 Per Cent Since 1870. It Is Situated On An Elevated Plain On The Right Bank Of The Passaic River, 9 In. Front New York City, ...
Newburg
Newburg (ante), Situated On A Steep Slope Of The Hudson River, Has Its Water Front Lined With Warehouses, And Enjoys A Considerable Commerce; Pop.. '80, 18,050. The Locality Was Seen By Hudson In 1600, Who Wrote Of It: "it Is As Beautiful A Land As One Can Tread Upon; A ...
Newcastle
Newcastle, Duke Of, Thomas Peluam Iiolles Minister Of The First Two Georges, B. 1692, And Representative Of The Noble Family Of The Pelhams, Played A Prominent, But By Do Means Illustrious Part In The Political History Of His Time. While A Very Young Man, He Succeeded To The Family Peerage ...
Newcastle Upon Tyne
Newcastle-upon-tyne, The Chief T. Of Northumberland. Lat. 54° 58' N., Long. 1° 36' West. It Has The Privileges Of A County Of Itself. Gateshead, Which :muds Upon The Opposite Side Of The River, Though In A Different County And Having A Separate Jurisdiction, Is Virtually A Part Of Newcastle. According ...
Newfoundland
Newfoundland, An Island And British Colony Of North America, Not Yet Incorpo Rated With The Dominion Of Canada, Lies At The Mouth Of The Gulf Of St. Lawrence, Separated From Labrador On The N. By The Straits Of Belle Isle (about 12 In. Broad), And Extending In Lat. From 46° ...
Newport
Newport (ante) Is Defended By Fort Adams, 31 M. Distant, The Third Strongest Fortress In The United States. The State House Fronting Washington Square, Through Which Washington Passed To Meet Rochambeau, Was Built In 1749. The Jewish Syna Gogue On Touro Street, Built Iu 1762, Was The First In This ...
Newspaper
Newspaper, A Periodical Publication Printed And Distributed For The Circulation Of News. From The Broad-sheet Relating The Most Meager Intelligence Without Comment Or Inference, The Newspaper Has Gnidually Grown Up Into A Powerful Political As Well As Social Engine, Diffusing Information On All Subjects Of Interest, Circulating Advertise Ments, And ...
Newton
Newton, Joirx, 1725-1807; B. London; Son Of A Sea-captain ; Devoted By His Mother To The Christian Ministry. But Her Death Occurring When He Was Seven Years Of Age, He Was Neglected By His Father And Step-mother, And Soon Learned The Ways Of Vicious Boys With Whom He Associated. After ...
Newton
Newton, Sir Isaac, The Most Remarkable Mathematician And Natural Philosopher Of His Own Or Perhaps Of Any Other Age, Was B. At Woolsthorpe, Hi Lincolnshire, In The Year 1642. That Year, Remarkable In English History For The Breaking Out Of The Civil War Between Charles I. And The Parliament, Is ...
Newton Joan
Newton. Joan, B. Va., 1823. He Was Appointed Second Lieut. In The Corps Of Engi Neers, July 1, 1842, On Graduating From West Point Military Academy. Where He Acted As Assistant Professor Of Engineering 1843-46. The Construction Of Fortifications And The Improvement Of 'rivers And Harbors Next Employed His Time ...
Next Friend
Next Friend Is, In English Law, The Name Given To The Person In Whose Name, Or Rather By Ivhose Agency, An A Person Under The Age Of 21:---sues In The Courts Of Law And Equity. The Object Is Chiefly To Have Some Party Responsible For Costs In Case The Infant ...
Ni
Ni' •ne Creed, A Detailed Statement Of Doctrine, Which Forms Part Of The Liturgy Of The 1?..inati, Oriental, And Anglican Churches, And Is Also Received As A Formulary By Many Of The Other Protestant Communions. It Was Drawn Up Principally By Hosius Of Cordoba, And Is Called By The Name ...
Niagara
Niagara, A River Of North America, Which Flows From Lake Erie Northwards Into Lake Ontario. It Is About 36 M. Iu Length, And Its Descent From The Level Of One Lake To That Of The Other Is About 334 Feet. Ou Issuing From Lake Erie It Is Three-quarters Of A ...
Niagara River And Falls
Niagara River And Falls (ante), Received Their Name From The Indians, In Whose Language The Word Niagara Means The " Thunder Of Water." A Record Of A Voyage In 1525 By A French Mariner Named James Cartier Contains, It Is Believed, The First Printed Allusion To Either. In 1603 The ...
Nias
Nias, An Important Island Belonging To Holland, Lies To The W. Of Sumatra, In 0° 18' 54"-1° 35' N. Lat., And 97°-98° E. Long., And Has An Area Of About 1,575 Sq. Miles. In 1857, When The Dutch Took Complete Possession Of The Island, The Population Was Reck Oned At ...
Nicaragua
Nicaragua, A Republic Of Central America, Bounded On The N. By The Republic Of Honduras. On The W. By The Carribean Sea. On The S. By The Republic Of Costa Rica, And On The E. By The Pacific; Lat. 10° 45' To 15° N.; Low!. 83° 20' To 87° 30'; ...
Niccola Pisano
Niccola Pisano, A Distinguished Sculptor Of Pisa, To The Influence Of Whose Works The Rise Or Restoration Of Sculpture In Connection With Gothic Architecture Is Mainly Attributable. There Is No Record Of The Date Of His Birth, But From An Inscription On A Celebrated Fountain In Perugia, Designed By Him ...
Nicephoros
Nicephoros, Patriarch Of Constantinople, 753-828; B. Constantinople. He Was The Son Of Theodore, Imperial Secretary Of Constautios Copronymns. He First Held High Office At Court. In 787 Be Was Present As Imperial Commissioner At The Nicene Council, Where, In Defense Of Image-worship, Lie Opposed The Iconoclasts. This Zeal For Image-worship ...
Niche
Niche, A Recess Formed In A Wall To Contain A Statue Or Some Ornamental Figure. In Classical Architecture, The Niches Are Generally Square Recesses With Canopies Formed By Small Pediments. Iu Gothic Architecture, The Niche Is One Of The Most Frequent And Characteristic Features; The Door-ways, Buttresses, And Every Part ...
Nicholas
Nicholas, The Name Of Five Among The Roman Pontiffs, Of Whom The Following Alone Ap; War To Call For Separate Notice.—nieholas I. Was Born Of A Family, And On The Death Of Benedict Iii., In 858, Nicholas Was Elected To Succeed Him, And Was Consecrated In St. Peter's Church, In ...
Nicholas I
Nicholas I., More Properly Nirsonai Pavlovrrcsr, Emperor Of Russia, Was The Third Son Of Paul I., And Was B. At St. Petersburg, July 7, 1796. He Was Very Carefully Educated Under The Eye Of His Mother, A Princess Of Wrirtemberg, And Subsequently Devoted His Attention To Military Studies And Political ...
Nicholas Murray
Murray, Nicholas. An., 1803-61; B. Ireland; Trained In Childhood 1)n-his Parents And Other Relatives In The Roman Catholic Faith; Acquired The Rudiments Of Caucation In A Village School ; In His Twelfth Year Came To New York A»d Qbtained Employment In The House Of Harper & Bros. A Membel Of ...
Nicholson
Nicholson, Jonu, British General, One Of The Most Distinguished Of The Later School Of Indian Soldiers, Was Born In Dublin, Dec. 11, 1821. His Father, A Physician Of Con Siderable Reputation In That City, Died When The Boy Had Just Completed His 8th Year. By His Mother, A Woman Of ...
Nickel
Nickel (symbol, Ni; Equiv. 29-5— New System, 59—sp. Gr. 8.8) Is A Grayish-white Glistening Metal, Capable Of Receiving A High Polish, Of About The Same Hardness As Iron, And, Like That Metal, Malleable And Ductile. It Has About The Same Fusibility As Wrought Iron, But Is Less Readily Oxidized Than ...
Nickel_2
Nickel (ante). Nickel Has Three Sulphides, Or Sulphurets, A Subsulphide, Ni,s, Which Is Formed Fly Reducing The Sulphate With Charcoal Or Hydrogen; The Protosulphide. Nis, Foamed By, Itising'sulphur Itnil 'nickel, And Also Found Liativein The Mineral Millerito; And The Disulphide Obtained By Heating The Carbonates Of Nickel And Potash With ...
Nicolas Fernandez De Moratin
Moratin, Nicolas Fernandez De, 1737-80; B. Madrid; A Friend Of 3.1ontiano, The Restorer Of Classical Tragedy In Spain. Following The Example Of Montiano And Luzan, He Attempted To Reform The Drama, And To Purge It Of Romanticism. In 1762 He Pub Lished Three Discourses Against The Older Drama, Under The ...
Nicopolis
Nicopolis In Epirus, One Of The Many Cities Bearing The Same Name—" City Of Vic Tory"—founded By Augustus To Commemorate His Victory Over Antony In The Battle Of _actium; Immediately After Which He Inclosed And Dedicated To Neptune The Space Where His Tent Had Been Pitched, On A Height Which ...
Niel
Niel, Aninrire, 1802-69; B. France, Having Studied At The Ecole Polytechnic In 1821, And Received A Military Education At The Military Academy Of Metz, In 1827 Lie Was Made Lieut. Of Engineers, In 1835 Was Promoted To Capt., And Accompanied The Expedi Tion Against Constantine In Algeria, Tinder Generals Damremont ...
Niger
Niger, The 'great River (tf" Western Africa. Its Mune, According To Dr. Barth, Is A Contracted Form Of One Of The Native Tianies, .i.v-eghirrea, Which, As Well As All The Other Names, .dkinit$2 (jooa), Mayo, I Sa, Kwara (quorra), And Ilaki-n-rwwa, Means Simply "the River." The Principal Head-water Rises On ...
Night Hawk
Night-hawk, Chardeiles Virginianus, A Bird Of The Goatsucker Family (eap•imulgidce) Very Common In America, From The Arctic Islands To The West Indies. It Is A Bird Of Passage, Visiting The North In Summer. It Is About Nine Inches In Length, And 23 Inches In Expanse Of Wing. The Gape Is ...
Nightingale
Nightingale, Philomela, A Genus Of Birds Of The Family Sylviathe, Approaching In Character To The Meruli Dce, The Young Having Their First Plumage Mottled, As In The And The Legs Being Longer Than In The Fauvettes And Other Eylviadre, With Which They Are Commonly Classed. The Bill Is Straight, Slender, ...
Nightmare
Nightmare, Incubus, Ephialtes, Consists In A Horrible Dream, The Terror Being Inspired By A Sense Of Weight Or Oppression Referred To The Pressure Of Mountains, Giants, Bags. Serpents, Upon The Breast. It Is Attributed To Acceleration Or Irregularity Of The Circulation In The Chest Or In The Brain. It Has ...
Nihilism
Nihilism Is A Term Used Of Certain Philosophical Or Half-philosophical Systems Of " Negative " Tendency, Especially Such As Deny God, The Soul, And The Moral Distinction Between Good And Evil. Of Late, However, It Has Become Familiar Throughout Europe As Applied To The Hyper-revolutionary Programme Of A Russian Organization ...
Nihilists
Nihilists (from Latin Nail, "nothing "),. A Revolutionary Organization In Russia, Aiming At The Destruction Of All Existing Laws, Religions, And Political And Social Systems, While Preparing To Replace Them With Nothing. It Is Stated That The Term Was First Employed By The Russian Novelist, Ivan Turgenieff, In His Stories ...
Nijni Novgorod
Nijni-novgorod (lower Novgorod), A Famous Commercial And Manufacturing T. In The E. Of Great Russia, Capital Of The Government Of The Same Name, Is Situated At The Confluence Of The Oka With The Volga, 715 M. E.s.e. Of St. Petersburg. The Fortified Portion Of The Town Occupies A Hill Overlooking ...
Nikko
Nikko, The Scat Of The Mortuary Shrines Of Iyeyasu, And Of Iyemitsu, The Founder And The Third Of The Line, Respectively, Of The Tokugawa Family Of Shoguns (tycoons) Who Ruled Japan From 1603 To 1868. The Wonders Of Nature And Art Combine To Make It The Goal Of Many Thousands ...
Nikon
Nikon, Patriarch Of The Russian Church, 1605-81; B. Near Nijni-novgorod, Rus Sia, Of Liumble Parentage; Received His Education From A Monk In The Monastery Of St. Macarius. He Afterward Became A Priest, But Was So Pinch Attached To The Monastic Life That He Entered The Hermitage Of Anserche, On The ...
Nikotol
Nikotol, A Thriving T. Of S. Russia, In The Government Of Ekaterinoslay. On The Bank Of The Dnieper, About 200 In. From Its Mouth, In Lat. 47° 33' North. Nikopol Is The Center Of An Extensive Agricultural District, The Produce Of Which Is Here Shipped To. Odessa. Between Nikopol And ...
Nilometer
Nilom'eter (the Measurer Of The Nile), The Name Of Two Buildings Existing In Egypt, One In The Island Of Rhoda, Opposite To Cairo, The Other At Elephantine, Close To Assonan, In 24° 5' 23' Ii. Lat. The First Consists Of A Square Well, In Which Is Placed A Graduated Pillar ...
Nimbus
Nimbus, In Art, Especially In Sacred Art, Is The Name Given To The Disc Or Halo Which -encircles The Head Of The Sacred Personage Who Is Represented. Its Use Is Almost Uni Versal In Those Religions Of Which We Possess Any Artistic Remains—the Indian, The Egyptian, The Etruscan, The Greek, ...
Nimes
Nimes (anc: Nemausus), A T. Of France, Capital Of The Department Of Gard, Stands In A Fertile Plain Surrounded By Vine-clad Hills, 30 In. N.e. Of Montpellier, With Which It Is Connected By Railway. It Consists Of The Town Proper (iil Built And Dirty), And Of Three Handsome Suburbs. In ...
Ningpo
Ningpo, A Department In The Province Of China, Comprising The City Of That Name, The Chusan Group Of Islands, And The Cities Of Tsike, Funghwa, Chinhai, And Tsiangshan. The Port Of Ningpo Is Situated At The Confluence Of Two Small Streams, In Lat. 29° N., Long. 121° 22' E., 12 ...
Ninon De Num
Ninon De =num, A Celebrated French Woman, One Of Those Characters That Could Have Appeared Only In The French Society Of The 17th C., Was Born Of Good Family At Paris In 1615. Her Mother Tried To Imbue Her Mind With A Love Of The Principles Of Religion And Morality, ...
Nirvana
Nirvana (from The Sanskrit Nir, Out,'and Vdna, Blown; Hence, Literally, That Which Is Blown Out Or Extinguished) Is, In Buddhistic Doctrine, The Term Denoting The Final Deliverance Of The Soul From Transmigration. It Implies, Consequently, The Last Aim Of Buddhistic Existence, Since Transmigration Is Tantamount To A Relapse Into The ...
Nitric Acid
Nitric Acid Is The Most Important Of The Five Compounds Which Oxygen Forms With Nitrogen (q.v.). Until 1s49 It Was Only Known In The Hydrated Form (the Aquafortis Of The Older Chemists), But In That Year Devine Showed That Anhydrous Nitric Acid, Or I 'nitric Anhydride (no.), Might Be Obtained ...
Nitrites
Nitrites Are Salts Formed By The Union Of Nitric Acid With Bases. Some Are Found In A Natural Mineral Condition, As Saltpeter And Cubic Niter. They Are Distin Guished For Their Solubility In Water. On Being Heated, They Undergo Decomposition, Being Converted Either Into Free Nitric Acid And A Base, ...
Nitrites_2
Nitrites, Salts Produced By The Action Of Nitrous Acid On Bases. The Principal Metallic Nitrites Arc Those Of Potassium, Sodium, Barium, Ammonium, Copper, Lead, And Nickel. The Common Mode Of Preparation Is To Reduce The Nitrites By Heat. The Alco Holic Nitrites Or Nitrous Ethers Are Of More Practical Interest ...
Nitro Glycerine
Nitro-glycerine [cp116n30,e., Or C6i15(n04)306], Known Also As Glonoin Or Glor Oil, Is A Compound Which Is Prodwie^d'by The Action Of .a Mixture Of Strong Nitric And ,u1 Phuric Acids On Glycerine At Low Temperatures. Two Methods Of Preparing It Are Given In Watts's Dictionary Of Chemistry, Vol. Ii., Pp. 890, ...
Nitrogen
Nitrogen (symbol, N; Equiv. 14; Sp. Gr. 0.9713) Derives Its Name From The Greek Words Nitron, Niter, And To Produce, In Consequence Of Its Being An Essential Constituent Of That Salt. It Is Frequently Termed (note (gr. A, Priv., Roe, Life), Especially By The French Chemists, In Consequence Of Its ...