Persia
Persia, Called By The Natives Inan (see Aryan Race), The Most Extensive And Pow Erful Native Kingdom Of Western Asia, Is Bounded On The N. By The Great Plain Of Khiva, The Caspian Sea, And The Trans-caucasian Provinces Of Russia: On The C. By Bokhara, Afghanistan, And Beloochistan; On The ...
Persiiis
Per'siiis (aldus Persius Fifteens). One Of The Most Famous Roman Satirists, Was B. At Volaterrai In Etruria, 31 .s.1). Lie Was Of A Distinguished Equestrian Family, Was Educated Under The Came Of The Stoic. Corn Uttis, Lived On Terms Of Intimacy With The Most Distinguished Personages Of His Hi Rome. ...
Personal Property
Personal Property. Things Personal Are Divided Into Chattels, Chattels Real, And Chores In Action. Chattels Comprehend All Movable Material Objects Not Affixed To The Soil. When Attached To The Soil So As To Become A Part Of It, A Chattel Is Converted Into A Fixture. See Fixtenn. A Chattel Real ...
Perspective
Perspective (lat. Perspieio, I Look Through), Is The Art Of Representing Natural Objects Upon A Plane Surface In Such A Manner That The Representation Shall Affect The Eye In The Same Way As The Objects Themselves. The Distance And Position Of Objects Affect Both Their Distinctness And Apparent Form, Giving ...
Pertgia
Pertgia, A City Of Central Italy, Capital Of The Province Of Its Own Name, Stands On A Lofty Elevation, 800 Ft. High, On The Right Bank Of The Tiber, 10 M. E. Of The Lake Of Perugia (ancient Laces Trasimenus). And 84 In. N. Of Rome. It Is Surrounded With ...
Perth
Perth, A City, Royal, Municipal, And Parliamentary Burgh, And Capital Of The County Of The Same Name, Is Situated On The Right. Bank Of The Tay, 45 M. N.n.w. Of Edinburgh By Railway, Through Fife. The Charming Scenery Of The Immediate Vicinity; The Tay, A Broad And Noble River, Sweeping ...
Perthshire
Perthshire, One Of The Most Important Counties In Scotland, Is Bounded On The S. By The Shires Of Stirling And Clackmannau; On The N. By Inverness And Aberdeen; On The W. By Argyle And Dumbarton ;'and On The E. By Forfar, Fife, And Kinross. It Extends From E. To W. ...
Perturbations
Perturbations, In Physical Astronomy, Are The Disturbances Produced In The Sim Ple Elliptic Motion Of One Heavily Body About Another, By The Action Of A Third Body, Or By The Non-sphericity Of The Principal Body. Thus, For Instance, Were There No Bodies In Space Except The Earth And Moon, The ...
Peru
Peru', An Important Maritime Republic Of South America, Bounded On The N. By Ecuador, On The W. By The Pacific, On The S. And S.c. By Bolivia. And On The E. By Brazil. It Lies Iu Lat. 3' 30' S., And In Long. 68°-81° 21' West. The General Outline Resem ...
Perug1170
Perug1170, A Celebrated Italian Painter, Whose Real Name Was Pietro Vannucci, Was B. At Chia Deila Picve Ia Umbria, About 1446, But Having Afterwards Established Himself In The Neighboring And More Important City Of Perugia, Where He Had The Right Of Citi Zenship, He Is Commonly Called Ii Pei-remo. It ...
Peruvian Bark
Peruvian Bark. See Cinciiona. An Important Instance Of Commercial Enter Prise, Directed To Providing Relief For Human Suffering, Has Been The Introduction Of Cinchonas, Or Peruvian-bark Trees, Into British India. This Had Long Been Urged On The East ,india Company By Dr. Boyle, But Was Not Undertaken Till After His ...
Pestalozzi
Pestalozzi, Was B. At Zurich, Jan. 12, 1745. Ills Family Belonged To The Middle-class Gentry. He Was Destined For The Christian Ministry, But Turned Aside, However, From This Profession, And Betook Himself To The Study Of Law. To This Pursuit He Did Not Iong Remain Constant. The Perusal Of Li,pussean's ...
Pesth
Pesth, The Most Populous And Important Commercial City Of Hungary, On The Left Bank Of The Danube, Opposite Buda. (q.v.), And 171 M. E.s.e. Of Vienna By Railway. It Occupies A Low And Level Site, And Contrasts Strongly With The Antiqiie, Picturesque, And Rock-built Buda, On The Other Side Of ...
Pestilence
Pestilence. The Terms Plague And Pestilence, Corresponding To The Greek Loimos Latin Poets, Have Until Recent Times Been Used Indiscriminately To Denote Any Dia. Eas5 Of An Epidemic Character Which Affected Large Masses Of The Community, And Were Remarkable For Their Fatality, Such As The Oriental Plague, The Sweating Sickness, ...
Pesunalism
Pesunalism, The Name Given To A Practice Once Prevalent In The Protestant Univer Sities Of Germany, Which Seems To Have Been Essentially The Same As The Ftur.!ing (q.v.) Of The English Public Schools. The Freshmen Or Students Of The First Year (called Pennais Fags) Were Considered By The Elder Students ...
Peter
Peter (do); Pmnto) The Cruel, King Of Castile And Leon, Was The Son Of Alfonzo Xi. And Maria Of Portugal, And Was Bon At Burgos, Aug. 30, 1334. On His Father's Death (1350), Peter Succeeded To The Throne Without Opposition, But Left The Whole Exer Cise Of Power To His ...
Peter J Osterhaus
Osterhaus, Peter J.. B. Prussia; Having Served As An Officer In The Prussian Army Came To The Linled States, Settle.] In St. Louis, And Entered The U. S. Volunteer Army In The First Year Of The Rebellion As Mnj. Of The 2d Missouri Regiment. He Partici Pated In The Battle ...
Peter Pallas
Pallas, Peter Srsiox, An Eminent Traveler And Naturalist, Was Born Sept. 22, 1741, At Berlin, Where His Father Was A Physician. He Studied Medicine, Natural History. And Other Branches Of Science At The Universities Of Berlin, Gottingen, And Leyden, And Was Employed In Classifying Many Valuable Collections Of Objects Of ...
Peter Pence
Peter-pence, The Name Given To A Tribute Which Was Collected In Several Of The Western Kingdoms, And Offered To The Rornan Pontiff, In Reverence Of The Memory Of St. Peter, Whose Successor That Bishop Is Believed By Catholics To Be. From An Early Period, The Roman See Had Been Richly ...
Peter The Hermit
Peter The Hermit, The First Mover Of The Great Mediaeval Drama Of The Crusades (q.v.), Was Of Gentle Birth, And A Native Of Amiens, Where He Was Born About The Middle Of The 11th Century. Having Been Educated At Paris, And Afterward In Italy, He Became A Soldier. After Serving ...
Peterborough
Peterborough, An Episcopal City And Parliamentary Borough Of Northamptonshire, Stands On The Left Bank Of The Nert—which Is Thus Far Navigable For Boats-37 M. N.e. Of Northampton, And 76 In. N.n.w. Of London By Railway. The Great Northern, The Eastern Counties', The Northampton And Peterborough, And The Midland Counties' Rail-. ...
Peterhead
Peterhead', N Sen-port End Municipal And Parliamentary Burgh, In The District Of Buchan. Aberdeenshire. On A Peninsula, The Eastmost Point Of Land In Scot Land, 44 M. Nose. Of Aberdeen. By Railway, It Is Irregalarlv Built, Clean, And Much Paved With The Reddish Granite, Called After The Town, And Nsed ...
Petion De Villeneuve
Petion De Villeneuve, Noted For The Part He Played In The First French Revolution, Was The Son Of A Procurator At Chartres, And Was Born There In 1753. He Was As An Advocate In His Native City When He Was Elected In 1780 A Deputy Of The Tiers Eta! To ...
Petition
Petition (lat. Pete, I Ask), A Supplication Preferred To One Capable Of Granting It. The Right Of The British Subject To Petition The Sovereign Or Either House Of Parliament For The Redress Of Grievances Is A Fundamental Principle Of The British Constitution, And Has Been Exercised From Very Early Times. ...
Petra
Pe'tra (hub. Sela, Both Names Signify " Rock") Was Anciently The Capital Of The Nabatlifeans, And Was Situated In The "desert Of Edom" In Northern Arabia, About 72 M. Me. Of Akabah—a Town At The Head Of The Gulf Of Akabah, An Arm Of The Red Sea. It Occupied A ...
Petrels
Petrels, Of Which The Stormy Petrel Is A Familiar Example. These Form The Genus Thalassidroma Of Recent Ornithological Systems,the Name (gr. Sea-runner) Being Given To Them In Allusion To Their Apparent Running Along The Surface Of The Waves, Which They Do In A Remarkable Manner, And With Great Rapidity, Particularly ...
Petroleum
Petroleum (ante), A Natural Rock-oil. Composed Principally Of Hydro-carbons, With Bituminous Elements, And Essential Oils. Long Known In Various Parts Of The World By Its Components Appearing, Either As Bituminous Springs On The Surface, Or Floating On Water, As Nnplitha. See Curl It Is. In Fact, A Product Of Natural ...
Petty Sessions
Petty Sessions Is The Court Constituted By Two Or More Justices Of The Peace In England When Sitting In The Administration Of Their Ordinary Jurisdiction. Though For Ninny Purposes Statutes Enable One Justice To Do Acts Auxiliary To The Hearing And Adjudi Cation Of A Matter, Yet The Jurisdiction To ...
Peutingerian Table
Peutingerian Table, The Name Given To A Most Document, Which Exhibits The Military Roads Of•the Roman Empire, And Indeed Of The World Known To The Romans. It Is Not, Properly Speaking, A Map; No Regard Being Paid To Geographic Position, Or The Extent Of Countries. The Great Lines Of Road ...
Pewee
Pewee, A Common Name Given To Several Species Of American Insectivorous Birds, Of The Sub-order Elammatores, Family Tyrannida, And Related, Of Course, To The Common , Barn-yard Fowl, But More Nearly To The King-bird And Other Fly-eatehers. The Common , Pewee Or Phoebe Bird (sagornis Fusems, Baird) Measures About 8 ...
Pfeiffer
Pfeiffer, Ina (née Revert), A Celebrated Female Traveler, Was B. At Vienna, Oct_ 15, 1797, And From Her Earliest Years Showed A Resolute And Fearless, Hut Not Unfeminine Disposition. Iu 1820 She Married An Advocate, Named Pfeiffer, From Whom She Was Obliged To Obtain A Separation, After She Had Borne ...
Phagedena
Phagedena (gr., From Plurgein, To Eat Or Corrode) Designates'a Variety Of Ulcera Tion In Which There Is Much Infiltration, And At The Same Time Rapid Destruction Of The Affected Part. The Sore Presents An Irregular Outline And A Yellowish Surface; It Gives Off A Profuse Bloody Or Iehorish Discharge, And ...
Phalanx
Phalanx, The Ancient Greek Formation For Heavy Infantry, Which Won For Itself A Reputation Of Invincibility, May Be Described As A Line Of Parallel Columns, Rendered By Its Depth And Solidity Capable Of Penetrating Any Line Of Troops. The Oldest. Phalanx Was The Lacedaemonian Or Spartan, In Which The Soldiers ...
Phalarope
Phalarope, Phalaropus, A Gents Of Birds Of The Family Lobipedicke (q.v.); Having A Rather Long, Slender, Weak, Straight Bill, Resembling That Of The Sandpipers, Which, Indeed, They Otherwise Much Resemble, Although Differing In Their Aquatic Habits; The Greater Part Of Their Time Being Passed In Swimming On The Sea, Where ...
Phallus
Phal'lus, A Representation Of The Male Generative Organs, Used At Certain Dionysian Festivals In Ancient Greece, As A Symbol Of The Powers Of Procreation. It Was An Object Of Common Worship Throughout The Nature-religion Of The East, And Was Mired By Mani Fold Names, Such Us Linga (q.v.), Joni, Pollear, ...
Pharaoh
Pharaoh. The Name Given By The Hebrews To The Monarch Ruling In Egypt At The Time, In The Same Manner As Caesar Was Applied To The Roman Emperors, And As Rhan Is To The Tartar And Shah To The Persian Rulers. The Word Is Of Uncertain Etymology, Being Capable Of ...
Pharisees
Pharisees (pcridda Or Pertothho,separatists), A So-called "jewish Sect," More Correctly, However, A Certain Jewish School, Which Probably Dates As A Distinct Body Or Party From The Time At The Syrian Troubles, And Whose Chief Tendency It Was To Resist All Foreigu, Chiefly Greek, Influences That Threatened To Undermine The Sacred ...
Pharliacopceia
Pharlia.copceia [from Supplement] The Brillgh, Pharmaeopoda, Published In 1864, Had The Merit, Of Amalgamating The London, Edinbm•gh. And Dublin Phartna Copadaa; But It Unfortunately Contained So Many Defects, That, In Accordance With The Universal Wishes Both Of The Medical Professor And Of The Chemists, The Medical Council Ordered A New ...
Pharmaconeia
Pharmaconeia (ante). It May Be Proper Here To - Make The Distinction Between A Plinrmacopma And A Dispensatory. These Terms Have Been Used Indis. Eriminately, But There Is It Distinction Among Pharmacists, Which Is The Word Pliarmaeopma Is Derived From The Greek And Signilies, "i Make Medicine." It Ix Strictly ...
Pharmacopce1a
Pharmacopce1a. This Term Has Been Applied To Various Works, Consisting For The Most Part Of (1)a List Of The Articles Of The Materia Medica, Whether Simple Or Compound; With Their Characters, And The Tests For The Determination Of Their Purity; And (2) A Collec Tion Of Approved Receipts Or Prescriptidus, ...
Pharynx
Pharynx (gr.) Is The Name Of That Part Of The Alimentary Canal Which Lies Behind The Nose, Month, And Larynx. It Is A Musculo-membranous Sac, Situated Upon The Cer Vical Portion Of The Vertrebral Column, And Extending From The Base Of The Skillki To The Level Of The Fifth Cervical ...
Pheasant
Pheasant, Phasianua, A Germs Of Gallinaceous Birds Of The Family Phasianithe; Hav Ing A Rather Short Strong Bill, A Little Curved; The Cheeks.aud Skin Surrounding The Eyes Destitute Of Feathers, And Warty; The Wings Short; The Tail Long, Its Feathers So Placed As To Slope Down, Roof-like, On Either Side, ...
Phenix
Phe'nix, The Name Of A Mythical Egyptian Bird, Supposed By Some To Be A Kind Of Plover, Like The Kibitz, Often Depicted With Human Arms, And Called In Hieroglyphs Reklis Others Consider To Tys The Benau, Or Nycticorax, A Bird Sacred To Osiris, And Represented Watching The Tamarisks Over His ...
Phentcia
Phent'cia (gr. Phoinike, Derived Either From Pkoino8, Purple, Or Phoinix, Paltn•tree Both Designations Descriptivi Of The Chief Produce Of The Country: The Hebrew Term Kenaan, Lowblud, Referring To Its Physical Condition) Is The Name Given By The Greeks And Romans To A Certain Territory Situated About 34*-36° N. Lat., Bounded ...
Philadelphia
Philadelphia, The Chief City And Sea-port Of Pennsylvania, And The Second City In Population And Importance In America, Is Situated On The W. Bank Of The Delaware River, At The Mouth Of The Schuylkill, On A Plain 2 To 4 M. Wide Between The Two Rivers; Lat. 39' 56 59" ...
Philadelphia
Philadelphia (ante), The Principal City Of Pennsylvania, And The Second As To Population In The United States; On Two Large Rivers, The Delaware, Which Separates It From New Jersey, And The Schuylkill, Which, Since The Time Of The Extension Of The Boundaries Of The City To Those Of The County ...
Philadelphus
Philadelphus, A Genus Of Shrubs, Containing The Mock Orange Or Syringa, Bel Urging To The Order Sa.eifragneece Or Saxifrage Family, And Tribe Hydrangiere, Which Also Includes The Genus Hydrangea. In Philadelphus The Calyx Tube Is Top-shaped And Coherent With The Ovary. Petals Rounded Or Obovate, Large, Convolute In The Bud. ...
Phile
Phi'le, The Name Of A Celebrated Island Lying In The Midst Of The Nile, A. Of Syene, Beyond The Frontier Of Egypt, In 24° 1' 28" N. Lat. It Was Called By The Egyptians Men Lak, The Place Of The Cataract; Or Menuab, The Abaton Or Sanctuary; And By The ...
Philidor
Philidor, The Assumed Name Of A French Family, Which Has Produced Many Dis Tinguished Musicians, And One Celebrated Composer. The Real Name Of The Family Was Dan1gan, And The Additional Appellation Philidor Was Assumed By Michel Danigan, The Hautboist To Louis Xiii., On Account Of •his Having Equaled A Celebrated ...
Philip Ii
Philip Ii., King Of Macedonia, And Father Of Alexander The Great, Was B. At Pella In 382 Ac. He Was The Youngest Son Of Amyntas Ii. And Eurydice. At Thebes, Whither He Wini,taken As A Hostage By Pelopidas, He Spent Part Of His Early Life, Employing His Exile In Studying ...
Philip Ii_2
Philip Ii., King Of Spain, The Only Son Of The Emperor Charles V. (q.v.) And Isabella Of Portugal, Was B. At Valladolid, May 21, 1527. Lie Was Brought Up In Spain, And Carefully Educated Under The Superintendence Of Able Tutors, By Whose Instructions He Greatly Profited, Becoming An Accomplished Linguist ...
Philip V
Philip V., King Of Spain, And The Founder Of The Bourbon Dynasty In That Country, Was The Second Son Of The Dauphin Louis (son Of Louis Xiv.) Of France, And Was Born At Versailles, Dec. 19, 1683. The Last King Of Spain Of The Iklapsburg Dynasty, Charles Ii., Had Successively ...
Philippe Ii
Philippe Ii., Better Known As Philippe Auguste, King Of France, Was The Son Of Louis Vii. And Alix Of Champagne, And Was B. In Aug.. 1165. He Was Crowned, In 1179, During The Life Of His Father, Succeeded Him In 1180, And Proved One Of The Great Est Monarchs Of ...
Philippe Iv
Philippe Iv., Surnamed Le Bel Or "fair," King Of France, The Son Of Philippe Iii., King Of France, And Isabella Of Aragon, Was B. At Fontainebleau In 1268, And Succeeded His Father In 1285. By Ids Marriage With Queen Joanna Of Navarre, He Obtained Navarre, Champagne, And Brie. For Several ...
Philippe Le Bon
Philippe Le Bon, I.e., "the Good."duke Of Burgundy, The Son Of Jean "sans-penr" Lv Margaret Of Bavaria, And Grandson Of Philippe The Hold, Was Born At Dijon, The Capital Of The Duchy, June 13, 1306, And On The Assassination Of His. Father On The Bridge Of Montereau At The Instigation ...
Philippe Le Hardi
Philippe Le Hardi (philippe The Bold), The Founder Of The Second And Last Ducal House Of Burgundy, Was The Third Son Of Jean, King Of France, And His Wife, Bonne Of Luxemburg. And Was Born Jan. 15, 1342. He Was Present At The Battle Of Poitiers, 1356, And Displayed Such ...
Philippe Orleans
Orleans, Philippe, Due D', Regent Of France During The Minority Of Louis Xv., Was The Son Of Philippe, Duc D'orleans, And The Grandson Of Louis Xiii., And Was B. Aug. 4, 1674. Lie Possessed Excellent Talents, And Made Unusual Attainments Both In Science And Belles Lettres; But His Tutor, Cardinal ...
Philippine Islands
Philippine Islands, Lie To The N. Of Borneo And Celebes, In 5° 30' To 19° 42' N. Lat., And 117° 14' To 126° 4' E. Long. They Are More Than 1200 In Number, With An Area Of About 1,50,000 Sq. Miles. Pop. '76, 6,173,632, Three-fourths Of Whom Are Subject To ...
Philippins
Philippins, A Russian Sect, So Called From The Founder, Philip Pustoswi3t, Under Whose Leadership They Emigrated From Russia In The End Of The 17th C., Area Branch Of The Raskolniks (q.v.). They Call Themselves Starowerski, Or "old Faith Mem" Because They Cling With The Utmost Tenacity To The Old Service-books, ...
Phillip
Phillip, Jcine, Ila. Was In May 22, 1817, At Aberdeen. At A Very Early Age He Gave Indication Of The Talent Which Afterwards So Distinguished Him: And Before He Had Attained His 15th Year Had Painted Various Pictures Showing His Feeling For Color. He Thus Procured An Introduction To The ...
Philo Judiets
Philo Judiets, The Philosopher (there Being Another ,jewish Greek Writer Of This Name). Was Horn At Alexandria, About The Time Of The Birth Of Christ. Belonging To One Of The Most Wealthy And Aristocratic Families—his Brother Was The Alaharch Alexander —he Received The Most Liberal Education ; And, Impelled By ...
Philopemfa
Philope'mfa. The Most Illustrious Patriot And General Who Figures In The Later His Tory Of Greece, Belonged To One Of The Best Families Of Arcadia, And Was B. At Megalopo Lis About 252 B.c. At An Early Age He Lost His Father, And Was Brought Up By A Wealthy Citizen, ...
Philovogy
Philovogy. This Word, As A Technical Name For A Branch Of Knowledge, Has Gone Through Various Phases Of Meaning. Originally Signifying The Love Of Talk Or Discourse, And Then, In A More Restricted Sense, The Love Of Philosophical Conversation Such As Is Exhibited In The Dialogues Of Plato. It Came, ...
Phils Tines L X
Phil's Tines (l X., Alloplculoi, Strangers), A Word Either Derived From A Root Phalasa (tellt.), To Emigrate, Wander About, Or Identified With Pelasgi (q.v.), Or Com Pared By Others With Shefela (itch.), Lowlanders; Designates A Certain Population Men Tioned In The Bible As Being In Frequent Contact With The Jews, ...
Philtre Phil Ter
Phil Ter, Philtre (gr. Philtron, Love-charm, Love-potion). A Superstitious Belief In The Efficacy Of Certain Artificial Means Of Inspiring And Securing Love, Seems To Have Been Generally Prevaleut From Very Early Times; And Among The Greeks And Romans (among The Latter In The Later Days Of The Republic, And Under ...
Phocas
Pho'cas, Emperor Of Constantinople (602-10), Was A Cappadocian By Birth, And Was For Some Time Groom To Priscus, One Of The Celebrated Generals Of Time Emperor Manricius (q.v.) His Brutal Courage Gained Him A Treat Reputation Among The Soldiers, And Though Only A Centurion At The Time Of The Revolt ...
Phocion
Pho'cion (gr. Pito/don), An Athenian Gen, Of Noble And Unselfish Character, Was B. About The End Of The 5th C. Clinton, In His Fasti Liellenici, Gives The Date 402 N.c. He Was Of Humble Origin, But Appears To Have Enjoyed A Superior Education, And To Have Studied Under Plato, Xeuocrates, ...