11. Love of Approbation is the desire of the good opinion, admiration, and praise of others. It is an excellent guard upon morals as well as manners. The loss of chsracter. to those largely endowed with it, is worse than death. If the moral sentiments be strong, the desire will he for honest fame; but in meaner characters, the love of glory is it passion that has deluged the world with blood in all ages. Shamelessness is the of its deficiency, often observed in criminals. The organ oftener becomes diseased in women than in melt, as in women it is more active than in the other sex generally.
12. Cautiousness.—The organ of thisfacultY is found large in persons much troubled with fears, hesitations, and doubts. Its normal character is well expressed by its name. When diseased, as it often is, the organ produces causeless dread of evil, despondency, and often suicide.
13. Benevolence is the desire to increase the happiness and lessen the misery of others. When strong, it prompts to active, laborious, and continued exertions, and unless acquisitiveness be powerful, to liberal giving to promote its favorite object. Unregu lated by conscientiousness and intellect, benevolence degenerates into profusion and facility. It often coexists with destructiveness in great force; as it did in Burns, whose poem on a wounded hare expresses both feelings highly excited.
14. Veneration has for its object 'whoever and whatever is deemed venerable by the indi vidual. One man venerates what another treats with indifference, beeause his under standing leads him to consider that particular object as venerable, while his neighbor deems it otherwise. But any man with a large endowment of the organ will have a ten dency to consider others as superior to himself. Veneration is the basis of loyalty, and, having the Deity for its highest object, forms an element in religious feeling. So liable is its organ to disease, that highest devotional excitement is one of the most common forms of insanity.
15. F11'77171C.S.4 is the source of fortitude, constancy, perseverance, and determination; when too powerful, it produces obstinacy, stubbornness, and infatuation. The want of it is a great defect in character. The English soldier is more persistent than the French, although in courage and spirit they are equal.
16. Conscientiousnas gives the love of justice, but intellect is necessary to show on which side justice lies. The judge must hear both sides before deciding, and his very wish to be just will prompt him to do so. Conscientiousness not only curbs our faculties when too powerful, but stimulates those that are too weak, and incites us to duty even against strong inclinations. The existence of conscientiousness as, an independent ele ment in the human constitution explains sonic apparent inconsistencies in human con duct—that a man, for instance, :s kind, forgiving, even devout, and yet not just. The
organ is commonly larger in Europeans than in Asiatics and Africans; generally it is deficient in the savage brain. When it is diseased, the insanity consists in morbid self-roproaeh, belief in imaginary debts, and the like. • 17. Hope was regarded as a primary faculty by Spurzheim, but was never admitted by Gall, who considered it as a function of every faculty that desires. Dr. Spurzheim answered that we desire much of which we have no hope. It produces gayety and cheerfulness, looks on the sunny side of everything. and paints the future with bright colors. When not well regulated, hope leads to rash speculation, and in combination with acquisitiveness, to gambling, both at the gaming-table and in the counting-house. It tends to make the individual credulous of promised good, and often indolent.
18. TT'ons'er.—Dr. Gall found the organ of this faculty large in seers of visions and dreamers of dreams, and in those who love to dkvell on the marvelous, and easily believe in it. Persons who have it powerful are fond of news, especially if striking and won derful, and are always expressing astonishment; their reading is much in the region of the marvelous, tales of wonder, of enchanters, ghosts, and witches. When the semi meat is excessive or diseased, it produces that peculiar fanaticism which attempts mir acles, and (with language active) speaks in unknown tongues.
19. Ideality.—The organ of this faculty was observed by Dr. Gall to be prominent in the busts and portraits of deceased, and in the heads of a great number of living, poets. This confirmed to him the old classical adage, that the poet is born, not made. He railed it the organ of poetry. The name of ideality was given to it by Dr. Spurzheim. This faculty is said to delight in the perfect, the exquisite, the bean-Uteal, the beautiful :mud sublime. The organ is usually small in criminals and other coarse and brutal cha• acters, for it is essential to refinement. It prompts to elegance and ornament in dress and furnitnr,e, and gives a taste for poetry, painting, statuary, and architecture. A point of interrogation is placed on the bust on the back part of the region of this organ, conjectured to be a different organ, but one allied to ideality. The existence of the fa• ulty of ideality is held by phrenologists to prove that the sentiment of beauty is an original emotion of the mind, and to settle the controversy on that subject. See 20. Wit, or the Sentiment of the Ludicrous.—The phrenological writers have discussed Pat great length, and with not a little controversy, the reetaPhysical nature or analysis of this faculty. We need not follow them into this inquiry, as most of them are agreed that by means of it we feel and enjoy the ludicrous.