Alexeievitch Peter I
Peter I., Alexeievitch, Usually Styled Peter The Great, Czar Of Rus Sia; Born In 1672; And In 1689 He Ob Tained The Sole Authority, On The Re Tirement Of His Brother Ivan, With Whom He Had Been Before Associated In The Government Of The Empire. After Having Suppressed A Conspiracy ...
Battles Of Picardy
Picardy, Battles Of, A Series Of Bloody Battles Constituting The Great German Offensive Against The Allied Lines On The Western Frz.nt, Beginning Early In March, 1918, Centering Toward Amiens, In Picardy, Officially Known As The De Partment Of The Somme. It Consti Tuted One Of The Chief Efforts Of The ...
Battles Of The Piave
Piave River, Battles Of The. The River, One Of The Largest In Italy, Takes Its Rise In The Venetian Alps, Flows Southeast, Then Southwest, Emptying Into The Gulf Of Venice, A Few Miles West Of The City. Its Flow Is Regulated By A Num Ber Of Floodgates, And Along Its ...
Book Of Psalms
Psalms, Book Of, A Book Of The Old Testament. It Was The Praise Book Or Psalter Of The Hebrew Temple Or Syna Gogues. In The Present Hebrew Bibles It Is Usually Placed Just After The Proph Ets At The Head Of The Hagiographa, And In Luke Xxiv: 44, Is Generally ...
Charles Stewart Parnell
Parnell, Charles Stewart, An Irish Statesman; Born At His Father's Estate Of Avondale, Wicklow Co., Ireland, In 1846, Connected On His Father's Side With A Family That Originally Belonged To Congleton, Cheshire, And Whose Members Included Parnell The Poet, And Sir John Parnell, Chancellor Of The Exchequer In Grattan's Parliament; ...
Cneius Pompeius Magnus Pompey
Pompey, Cneius Pompeius Magnus, Son Of Pompeius Strabo, A Roman General; Born In 106 B. C. He Distinguished Himself Against The Ene Mies Of The Roman Senate, Both Within The State And Without, And At Last Fell In The Struggle Against Csar For Absolute Power. Like His Father, Serving Against ...
Council Of Pisa
Pisa, Council Of, A Church Council Generally Included In Those Called Ecu Menical, Met Awl Opened In Pisa March 25, 1409, And The 23d And Last Session Of Which Was Held Aug. 7 Following. Its Aim Was To End The Schism Which Had Divided The Western Church For 30 Years; ...
Edgar Allan Poe
Poe, Edgar Allan, An American Poet And Story-writer; Born In Boston, Jan. 19, 1809. Left An Orphan Early, He Was Adopted By John Allan, Of Rich Mond, Va., And At The Age Of 19 Left This Home And Published His First Volume Of Verse At Boston. He Was A Cadet ...
Edward Kirk Rawson
Rawson, Edward Kirk, An American Educator; Born In Albany, N. Y., Feb. 21, 1846; Was Graduated At Yale University In 1868 And At The Andover Theological Seminary In 1872; Was Ordained In The Congregational Church And Served As A Chaplain In The United States Navy In 1871-1890; Was Placed In ...
Elwell Stephen Otis
Otis, Elwell Stephen, An American Military Officer; Born In Fred Erick, Md., March 25, 1838; Was Gradu Ated At Rochester (n. Y.) University In 1858, And Began The Study Of Law. When The Civil War Broke Out, He Entered The Volunteer Service As Captain In The 140th New York Infantry. ...
Father Robert Parsons
Parsons, Father Robert, The Chief Of The English Jesuits In Their Golden Age; Born In Somersetshire, Eng Land, In 1546. When 18 He Passed From The Free School At Taunton To St. Mary's Hall, Oxford, And After Two Years To Balliol College, Where He Took His Degrees Of Bachelor And ...
Federal Reserve Banks
Reserve Banks, Federal, A System Of Government Banks To Act As A Stabilizing Influence On Private Banking Institutions During Periods Of Financial Disturbances. The Discussion Of Govern Ment Support Of Private Financial Insti Tutions Came As A Result Of The Financial Panic Of 1907, When Through The Popular Distrust Of ...
George Peabody
Peabody, George, An American Philanthropist; Born In Danvers, Mass., In 1795. He Was Descended From An English Family, And His Parents Being Poor, George Received But A Scanty Edu Cation, Becoming Grocer's Clerk At The Age Of 11. He Became Chief Clerk, And, Afterward, Partner With His Uncle, John Peabody, ...
Georgia Wood Pangborn
Pangborn, Georgia Wood, An American Writer; Born In Malone, N. Y., In 1872. Graduated From Packard In Stitute In 1894, And In The Same Year Married H. L. Pangborn. She Wrote "roman Biznet" (1902) ; "interventions" (1911). She Was A Frequent Contributor To Magazines. A Movement Among German Nationalists And ...
Henry John Temple Palmerston
Palmerston, Henry John Temple, Viscount, An English Statesman; Born In 1784. In 1807 He Was Named A Lord Of The Admiralty Un Der The Tory Administration Of The Duke Of Portland. In 1809 He Was Appointed Secretary Of War, And Remained In The Office Nearly 20 Years. His Political Views ...
Horace Porter
Porter, Horace, An American Dip Lomatist; Born In Huntingdon, Pa., April 15, 1837, Son Of David R. Porter, Who Became Governor Of The State. After A Year In The Scientific Department Of Har Vard University He Entered The United States Military Academy. His Gradua Tion Took Place In 1860. After ...
Ignace Jan Paderewski
Paderewski, Ignace Jan, A Russian Pianist; Born In Podolia, Rus Sian Poland, Nov. 6, 1860. At Seven His Father Placed Him Under The Care Of A Teacher, Pierre Sowinski. In 1872 He Went To Warsaw, Where His Knowledge Of Harmony And Counterpoint Was Ac Quired From Roguski, And Later From ...
Infantile Paralysis Poliomyelitis
Poliomyelitis, Infantile Paralysis, An Acute Disease Manifest Ing Itself In Inflammation Of The Gray Matter Of The Spinal Cord. It Is Not A Disease To Which Adults Are Liable, Except In Rare Cases, And In One Of Its Forms It Attacks The Anterior Horns Of The Spinal Cord With Resultant ...
James Butler Orm Onde
Orm Onde, James Butler, Duke Of, An English Statesman; Born In London, England, Oct. 19, 1610. He Was The First Of The Ancient Anglo-irish Family Of Butler On Whom The Ducal Title Was Conferred. In The Beginning Of The 13th Century Theobald Butler, From Whom The Duke Of Ormonde Was ...
James Knox Polk
Polk, James Knox, An American Statesman, 11th President Of The United States; Born In Mecklenburg Co., N. C., Nov. 2, 1795. His Ancestors, Who Bore The Name Of Pollock, Emigrated From The W. Of Ireland Early In The 18th Century. He Was Educated At The University Of Nashville, Tenn., And ...
Joseph Priestley
Priestley, Joseph, An English Natural Philosopher; Born In Fieldhead, England, March 13, 1733. He Was Pas Tor Of An Independent Church And While Tutor In A Seminary He Published The "history And Present State Of Electric Ity," Which Procured His Election Into The Royal Society. It Was Here Also That ...
Lake Ontario
Ontario, Lake, The Smallest And Most E. Of The Five Great Lakes Of North America, In The St. Lawrence Basin, Partly Belonging To Canada And Partly To The State Of New York. It Is An Elon Gated, Oval Shape, 172 Miles In Length, By A Maximum Breadth (in The Center) ...
O R D N
O R D N A N C E. Although Artillery Weapons, Equipment, Such As Wagons, Caissons, And Limbers, Machine Guns, Rifles, Small Arms, Hand Grenades, Har Ness And Ammunition Of All Kinds Are In Cluded In The General Class Of Military Supplies Known As Ordnance, This Article Will Consider Only ...
Odd Fellow
Odd Fellow, A Member Of The In Dependent Order Of Odd Fellows, A Secret Fraternal Society Instituted In Eng Land In The 18th Century, And Now Having Extensive Lodges In Great Britain, Aus Tralia, Denmark, Switzerland, The United States, Etc. Its Organization Is In Lodges And Encampments, Grand Lodges, Grand ...
Oedenburg
Oedenburg, A Town Of Hungary, On An Extensive Plain, 3 Miles W. Of The Neusiedler See And 48 Miles S. By E. Of Vienna. It Is One Of The Most Beautiful Towns In Hungary, And Has Manufactures Of Candied Fruits, Sugar, Soap, Etc., And A Large Trade In Wine, Corn, ...
Ohio
Ohio, A State In The North Central Division Of The North American Union; Bounded By Michigan, Lake Erie, Penn Sylvania, West Virginia, Kentucky, And Indiana; Admitted To The Union, Feb. 19, 1803; Capital, Columbus; Number Of Counties, 88; Area, 41,040 Square Miles; Pop. (1890) 3,672,316; (1900) 4,157,5451 (1910) 4,767,121; (1920) ...
Oil Pipe Lines
Oil Pipe Lines, A System Of Con Nected Pipes Used For The Purpose Of Transporting Oil—usually Petroleum— From The Fields To The Refinery Or Selling Point. The First Successful Pipe Line Was Laid In 1865 By Samuel Von Syckle, Of Titus Ville, Pennsylvania, Who Placed In Suc Cessful Operation A ...
Oklahoma
Oklahoma, A State In The South Central Division Of The North American Union; Bounded By Kansas, Missouri, Arkansas, Texas, New Mexico, And Colorado; Admitted To Statehood Nov. 16, 1907; Capital, Oklahoma City; Counties, 76; Area, 70,057 Square Miles; Pop, (1890) 258,657; (1900) 790,391; (1910) 1,657,155; (1920) 2,028,283. Topography.—oklahoma Is In ...
Old Age Pensions
Old Age Pensions, Income Re Ceived By Superannuated Employees Of A State, Municipality Or Private Corpora Tion. It Is A Prominent Feature Of The General Tendency Toward The Assumption Of Responsibility On The Part Of Society For The Welfare Of Its Individual Units, Brought About By The Evils Of Modern ...
Omaha
Omaha, A City Of Nebraska, The Largest In The State, And The County-seat Of Douglas Co. It Is On The Missouri River, About 500 Miles W. Of Chicago. Omaha Is Located On 9 Trunk Lines Of Rail Roads And 22 Branches. These Include The Burlington Route, The Chicago, Mil Waukee ...
Ontario
Ontario, A Province Of The Domin Ion Of Canada (formerly Called Upper Canada, Or Canada West) ; Bounded On The W. By Manitoba, On The N. By Kee Watin And James Bay; On The N. E. And E. By The Province Of Quebec, On The S. E. By The St. ...
Opera
Opera, A Musical Drama, That Is, A Dramatic Composition Set To Music And Sung On The Stage, Accompanied With Musical Instruments And Enriched By The Accessories Of Costumes, Scenery, Dancing, Etc. The Component Parts Of An Opera Are Recitatives, Solos, Duets, Trios, Quartettes, Choruses, Etc., And They Are Usually Preceded ...
Optical Illusion
Optical Illusion. An Object Ap Pears Large Or Small, Near Or Distant, Ac Cording As The Rays From Its Opposite Borders Meeting At The Eye Form A Large Or A Small Angle; When The Angle Is Large, The Object Is Either Large Or Near; When Small, The Object Must Be ...
Optometry
Optometry. The Science Of Meas Uring The Vision And Strength Of The Eye Without The Dilation Of The Pupil By The Use Of Drugs, And The Selection Of Proper Lenses To Correct Defective Vision. The Use Of Drugs To Dilate The Pupils While Making An Examination Is Not Legal, Except ...
Orange Free State Province
Orange Free State Province, Formerly Orange River Colony, A State Of The Union Of South Africa. It Has Cape Colony On S. And S. W., Bechuana Land On N. W., Transvaal Colony On N., Natal On E., Basutoland On S. E.; Area Estimated At 50,389 Square Miles, Divided Into 19 ...
Ordeal
Ordeal, The Judicium Del. Of Medi Wyal Writers; The Practice Of Referring Disputed Questions (especially Those Touching The Criminality Of A Suspected Person) To Supernatural Decision, In The Belief That The Deity Would Work A Mira Cle Rather Than The Innocent Should Suffer Or The Guilty Escape Punishment. It Ex ...
Order
Order, In Archology, The Different Modes Of Architectural Treatment Adopted By The Ancients In Constructing Their Pub Lic Edifices And Buildings Of The Higher Class. They Are Usually Separated Into Five, Principally Distinguished From Each Other By The Proportions Of Their Columns And The Kind Of Capitals Employed, But Also ...
Ore Deposits
Ore Deposits. Any Considerable Accumulation Of Metal Bearing Matter In The Crust Of The Earth. A Metalliferous Rock Is Spoken Of As An Ore When It Con Tains Metallic Minerals (or In Some Cases Non-metallic Minerals, Such As Sulphur) In Such Quantities And Mixtures As To Make Possible Their Profitable ...
Oregon
Oregon, A State In The Pacific Divi Sion Of The North American Union; Bounded By Washington, Idaho, Nevada, California, And The Pacific Ocean; Ad Mitted To The Union, Feb. 14, 1859; Cap Ital, Salem; Counties, 86; Area, 96,699 Square Miles; Pop. (1890) 313,767; (1900) 413,536; (1910) 672,765; (1920) 783,389. Topography.—the ...
Organ
Organ, In Anatomy, A Member Of An Organized Being Through Which Its Func Tions Are Executed. Thus The Root, Stem, And Leaves Of A Plant Are Organs. In Music, The Most Comprehensive And Important Of All Wind Instruments. Its History Can Be Traced Back To The Earliest Antiquity. Starting From ...
Orkney Islands
Orkney Islands, A Group Of 90 Scotch Islands, Islets, And Skerries, Of Which Only 28 Are Inhabited, And Which Have An Aggregate Area Of 376 Square Miles, The Largest Being Pomona Or Main Land (207 Square Miles), Hoy (53), San Day (26), Westray, South Ronaldshay, Rousay, Stronsay, Eday, Shapinshay, Burray, ...
Osteopathy
Osteopathy, A System Of Healing, Founded By Dr. A. T. Still. In Spite Of The Apparent Etymology Of The Name, The System Does Not Confine Itself To The Treat Ment Of Bone Diseases, But Claims To Be A General System Founded On The Prin Ciple That "all Bodily Disorders Are ...
Ottawa
Ottawa, A City Of Ontario, Canada, The Capital Of The Dominion, And The County-seat Of Carleton Co. It Is On The Right Bank Of The Ottawa River At The Junction Of The Rideau. It Is On The Canadian Pacific, The Canadian North Ern, The Grand Trunk, And The Ottawa And ...
Oyster
Oyster, A Well-known Edible Shell Fish, Belonging To The Genus Ostrea, Oc Curring In Most Parts Of The World. The European Oyster (0. Edulis), Which Forms A Considerable Article Of Trade On The Coasts Of England And France, Is Taken By Dredging, After Which The Ani Mals Are Placed In ...
Pacific Ocean
Pacific Ocean, The Largest Of The Five Great Oceans, Lying Between America On The E., And Asia, Malaysia, And Aus Tralasia On The W. The Name "pacific," Was Given To It By Magellan, The First European Navigator Who Traversed Its Expanse. The Greatest Length Of The Pacific Ocean From The ...
Packfong
Packfong, A Chinese Alloy Of A Sil Ver-white Color, Consisting Of Copper, Zinc, Nickel, And Iron. It Was Formerly Used By Watch Makers, Mathematical In Strument Makers, And Others, For A Vari Ety Of Purposes For Which Nickel Alloys Are Now Employed. I Packing Industry. The Pack Ing Industry Involves ...
Pageants And Celebrations
Pageants And Celebrations. The Celebration Of Historic Events By Dramatic Reproductions Of Scenes Con Nected With Them Is At Least As Old As The Greeks And Romans. In Modern Times, In Many Countries Of Europe, Developments Have Been Added To Them According To The Time And Place, And Carnivals, Masques, ...
Paisley
Paisley, A Municipal And Parlia Mentary Burgh Of Scotland, In Renfrew Shire, On The White Cart, About 3 Miles Above The Confluence Of The United White And Black Cart With The Clyde, And 7 Miles W. S. W. Of Glasgow. It Consists Of An Old Town On The W. Or ...
Paleontology
Paleontology. The Study Of The Life Which Inhabited The Earth During Past Geological Periods. It Is Based On The Study Of Fossils. Although It Was Long Recognized That Fossils Were The Re Mains Of Past Life, And Some Attempt At Study Has Been Made, Paleontology Was Placed On A Scientific ...
Pallium
Pallium, A Square Woolen Cloak, Much Resembling The Chlamys, From Which It Can Only Be Distinguished By Its Greater Length And Amplitude. It Was Capable Of Enveloping The Entire Person, Which It Could Cover At Night As A Blan Ket. It Was Much Worn By The Greeks, 'direct From The ...
Panama
Panama, A Republic Of Central America, Between Costa Rica And Colom Bia, Bounded On The S. By The Pacific Ocean And On The N. By The Caribbean Sea. Its Extreme Length Is About 480 Miles, With A Breadth Varying From 37 To 110 Miles. Its Total Area Is 13,380 Square ...
Panama Canal
Panama Canal. The Panama Canal Was Opened To Navigation Aug. 15, 1914. It Was A Colossal Work And The Difficulties Met In Its Construction Were Pleted And The Canal Opened For Traffic In 1914. The Canal Crosses The Isthmus Of Pan Ama At Very Nearly Its Narrowest Point. From Deep ...
Paper
Paper, A Material Made In Thin Sheets From A Pulp Of Rags, Esparto Grass, Straw, Wood Or Other Fibers, And Used For Writing Or Printing On, Or For Wrapping. The Earliest Paper Was Doubtless That Made From The Egyptian Papyrus, Whence All Similar Writing Material Is Named. Many Books And ...
Paraguay
Paraguay, A Republic Of South America; Bounded On The N. And N. E. By Brazil, On The S., S. E., And S. W. By The Argentine Republic, And On The N. W. By Bolivia; Area, About 98,000 Square Miles; Pop. (1905) 631,347; (1920) About 1,000,000. Topography.—a Mountain Chain Called Sierra ...
Paralysis
Paralysis, The Loss Of The Natural Power Of Sensation Or Motion In Any Part Of The Body. It Is Owing To Some. Dis Eased Condition Of The Nervous System, Either Of The Brain Or Spinal Cord, Or Of The Nerves. If The Nerves Of Sensation Or Their Centers Be Affected, ...
Paranoia
Paranoia, A Mental Disease Of The Psychosis Type, Characterized By Marked Delusions, Tending Toward Persecutory Ideas And Apt To Terminate In A Form Of Mental Degeneration. The Progressive Psychosis May Begin Almost From Child Hood, With A Systematizing Of One Or Sev Eral Hallucinations, The Symptoms Of Which Are Indicated ...
Parasitic Plants
Parasitic Plants, Those Which, Unable To Nourish Themselves, Prey Upon Other Plants Or Animals; Becoming At Tached, They Gain Access To The Tissues Of Their Host And Feed Upon Its Juices. The Mistletoe Has No Roots In The Ground; Its Seed Is Left By A Bird On An Apple Or ...
Paris
Paris, In Homeric Mythology, The Seducer Of Helen, And The Cause Of The Trojan War; A Younger Son Of Priam, King Of Troy, By Hecuba, His Queen. His Mother, Before The Birth Of Paris, Having Dreamed That She Had Brought Forth A Firebrand That Would Destroy Both The Palace And ...
Paris
Paris (anciently, Lutetia Parisi Orum), The Capital Of France And Of The Department Of The Seine. The City Lies In The Seine Valley Surrounded By Heights, Those On The N. Being Charonne La Villette, The Buttes-chaumont And Montmartre, Those On The S. St. Gene Vieve, Montrouge, And The Butte-aux Cailles. ...
Parliament
Parliament. Blackstone Says That The First Use Of The French Word Parlement, To Signify A General Assembly Of The State, Was Under Louis Vii. Of France About The Middle Of The 12th Cen Tury. The British Parfitment. —the Legis Lature Of Great Britain And Ireland Con Sists Of The Sovereign ...
Parliamentary L A W
Parliamentary L A W. The Rules Which Govern Deliberative Assem Blies. Their Object Is To Place Restric Tions Upon Individual Members So As To Insure That The Sense Of The Meeting Be Ascertained Without Needless Waste Of Time. The Officers Necessary For An As Sembly To Transact Business Under Par ...
Parochial Schools
Parochial Schools, Schools, Mostly Elementary, Maintained By Re Ligious Denominations To Provide Instruc Tion In Matters Of Religious Faith As Well As In Secular Studies. Two Denomi Nations Only Have Provided A Sufficient Number Of Parochial Schools For Any Con Siderable Number Of Their Children: The Roman Catholic And The ...
Passchendaele
Passchendaele, A Small Village In Northern Belgium, Near Ypres, Around Which Centered Some Of The Most Impor Tant Military Operations On The Western Front, During The World War. The Village Gives Its Name To A Ridge, On Whose Slopes It Stands, Which Was Of Great Strategic Value And The Object ...
Passover
Passover, A Festival Instituted To Commemorate Jehovah's "passing Over" The Israelite Houses While "passing Through" Those Of The Egyptians, To De Stroy In The Latter All The First-born (exod. Xii : 11, 12, 23, 27). The First Passover (that In Egypt), Those Subse Quently Occurring In Old Testament Times, And ...
Patent
Patent, An Exclusive Right Granted By A Government (in Letters Patent Or Open, Whence The Name) To Any Person Or Persons To Manufacture And Sell A Chattel Or Article Of Commerce Of His Own Invention. A Patent Obtained In Eng Land Extends To 14 Years, And Several Of The Colonies ...
Paterson
Paterson, A City And The County Seat Of Passaic Co., N. J.; On The Passaic River, The Morris Canal, And On The Erie, The New York, Susquehanna & Western, And The Delaware, Lackawanna & West Ern Railroads; 17 Miles N. W. Of New York. The City Is Chiefly Noted For ...
Patriotic Societies
Patriotic Societies, Organiza Tions Fostering Devotion To Country By The Commemoration Of Events In The Establishment Of The Country's Freedom, And The Preservation Of Traditions, And The Restoration Of Historic Sites And Scenes. In The United States The Greater Number Of The Societies Are Divided Be Tween Those Whose Origin ...
Pawtucket
Pawtucket, A City In Providence Co., R. I., On The Pawtucket River, At The Head Of Navigation, And On The New York And New England, And The New York, New Haven And Hartford Rail Roads; 4 Miles N. Of Providence. The River Here Falls 50 Feet, And This Fact, With ...
Pearl
Pearl, A Peculiar Product Of Cer Tain Marine And Freshwater Mollusks Or Shellfish. Most Of The Molluscous Ani Mals Which Are Aquatic And Reside In Shells Are Provided With A Fluid Secretion With Which They Line Their Shells, And Give To The Otherwise Harsh Granular Material Of The Shell A ...
Pedagogy
Pedagogy. Pedagogy Is The Art And Science Of Teaching. Derived From Two Greek Words Which Mean The Leading Or The Guiding Of A Boy, The Term Has Come To Represent The Methods Of The Education Of Youth. It Refers Primarily, However, To Training The Teacher In The Methods Of Education. ...
Pekin
Pekin, A City Of Illinois, The County Seat Of Tazewell Co. It Is On The Illinois River, And On The Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago, And St. Louis, The Chicago And Alton, The Illinois Central, And Other Nankin, And 100 Miles W. N. W. Of The Gulf Of Pechili, In The Yellow ...
Pelagians
Pelagians, A Sect Of Heretics That Arose In The Church About The Beginning Of The 5th Century. Their Founder Was Pelagius, A Monk, A Native Of Britain, Whose Original Name Was Morgan. He Was Greatly Scandalized By The Gross Sensualities And Immoralities That Pre Vailed In The Church, And Was ...
Peleus
Peleus, In Mythology, A King Of Thessaly. He Married Thetis, One Of The Nereids, The Only One Among Mortals Who Married An Immortal. Being Accessory To The Death Of His Brother Phocus, He Re Tired To The Court Of Eurytus, Who Reign Ed At Phthia. He Was Purified Of His ...
Pencil
Pencil, A Name Applied To Instru Ments For Writing, Drawing, Or Painting, Differing As Much In Their Construction As In The Use To Which They Are Applied. There Are Now In Use The Following Kinds Of Pencils: Hair Pencils, Black Lead Pen Cils, Chalk Pencils, And Slate Pencils. The First ...
Pendulum
Pendulum, In Mechanics, A Simple Pendulum Is A Heavy Particle Suspended By A Fine Thread From A Fixed Point, About Which It Oscillates Without Fric Tion. The Time Of Its Vibration Is Di Rectly As The Square Root Of The Length, And Inversely As The Square Root Of The Accelerating ...
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania, A State In The North Atlantic Division Of The United States, Bounded By New York, New Jer Sey, Delaware, Maryland, West Virginia, Ohio, And Lake Erie; One Of The Original 13 States; Capital, Harrisburg; Counties, 67; Area, 45,126 Square Miles; Pop. (1890) 5,258,014; (1900) 6,302,115; (1910) 7,665,111; (1920) 8,720,017. ...
Penny
Penny, A British Coin (formerly Of Copper, Since 1860 Of Bronze) And Money Of Account, The 12th Part Of A Shilling. It Was At First A Silver Coin Weighing About 221/2 Grains Troy, Or The 240th Part Of A Saxon Pound. Till The Time Of Edward I. It Was So ...
Penology
Penology, The Treatment Of Crime. In Primitive Times It Had But One Mean Ing, The Extirpation Of The Criminal By The Death Sentence. In More Modern Times The Object Of Penology Has Been To Reform The Criminal, And To Make The Punishments Vary With The Extent Of The Crime. Transportation ...
Percy
Percy, The Name Of A Noble Family Who Went To England With William The Conqueror, And Whose Head, William De Percy, Obtained 30 Knights' Fees In The N. Of England. A Descendant, Also Named William, Who Lived In The Early Part Of The 12th Century, Left Behind Him Two Daughters, ...
Pericardium
Pericardium, A Conical Membra Nous Sac Containing The Heart And The Commencement Of The Great Vessels, To The Extent Of About Two Inches From Their Origin. It Is Placed With Its Apex Up Ward Behind The Sternum In The Interval Between The Pleurm—the Serous Sacs In Which The Lungs Are ...
Pericles
Pericles, The Great Athenian States Man; Born In Athens About 495 B. C., Of A Noble, Influential And Wealthy Family. He Received A Careful Education From The Most Eminent Teachers. He Applied Him Self To The Study Of Philosophy Under The Guidance Of Anaxagoras. To His Other Acquirements He Added ...
Period
Period, A Term Used In Chronology In The Same Sense As Cycle, To Denote An Interval Of Time After Which The Astro Nomical Phenomena To Which It Refers Re Cur In The Same Order. It Is Also Employed To Signify A Cycle Of Cycles. The Chal Dmans Invented The Chaldaic ...
Periodicals
Periodicals, Publications Which Appear At Regular Intervals, And Whose Principal Object Is Not The Conveyance Of News (the Main Function Of Newspapers), But The Circulation Of Information Of A Literary, Scientific, Artistic, Or Miscellan Eous Character, As Also Criticisms On Books, Essays, Poems, Tales, Etc. The First Periodical Was Published ...
Persia
Persia (persian Iran), An Extensive Country Of Asia, Bounded On The N. By The Caspian Sea, The Transcaspian And Transcaucasian Provinces Of Russia; S. Mountains Appear To Be A Confused Heap Of Hills Piled Upon Hills, In Grand But Indefinite Order; While Each Individual Hill Appears A Mass Of Gray ...
Perspective
Perspective, The Science Of Repro Senting Appearances, And As Such Is Op Posed To Geometry, Which Is The Science Of Representing Facts. It Is Founded Up On Such Rules As Can Be Deduced From The Facts Which Are Discovered By Looking At Objects Through A Sheet Of Glass Or Other ...
Or Cameronians Reformed Presbyterian
Reformed Presbyterian Church, Or Cameronians, A Body Of Christians Who Profess To Hold The Principles Of The Church Of Scotland At The Period Of The Second Reformation Be Tween 1638 And 1650. They Claim To Be The Legitimate Successors Of That Section Of The Covenanters Which Was Headed By Cameron ...
Or Guebres Parsees
Parsees, Or Guebres, The Name Of The Small Remnant Of The Followers Of The Ancient Persian Religion, As Established Or Reformed By Zoroaster (zarathustra Or Zerdusht). The Relation In Which Zoroaster Stood To The Ancient Iranian Faith And His Date Have Been Much De Bated. It Has Been Alleged That ...
Or Holy Land Palestine
Palestine, Or Holy Land, A Country Of Southwestern Asia, Compris Ing The S. Part Of Syria, And Forming Before The World War The Pashalics Of Acre, Gaza, And The S. Part Of Damas Cus; Having N. The Pashalic Of Tripoli, S. E. And S. The Arabian Desert, And W. The ...
Or Pompholyx Pemphigus
Pemphigus, Or Pompholyx, A Skin Disease Which Is Characterized By An Eruption Of Large Vesicles, Filled With Serous Fluid, And Known As Bullie. The Disease Occurs Both In Acute And In The Chronic Form. In A Mild Case Of Acute Pemphigus, Bullie, Or Blisters, From The Size Of A Pea ...
Or Ramses Rameses
Rameses, Or Ramses, The Name Of Several Egyptian Monarchs; The Name Signifies "born Of The Sun," Or The "nas Cent Sun." The Family Is Supposed To Have Been Of Theban Origin, And To Have Been Descended From One Of The Later Queens Of The 18th Dynasty. According To The Roman ...