1,145,208 oz. 2,507,794 oz. 3,555,310 oz. 3,093,481 oz.
Arsenic is principally employed in the arts to produce a peculiarly vivid and showy shade of green, which has superseded the less decided tints of nature. The form in which it is generally employed in Europe is that of a green powder, which is commonly known as emerald green, known to chemists and writers on science as •Scheele's green, after its discoverer. Another kind is also called Swienfurth green, from a town in Franconia, where it was extensively manu factured on its early introduction. The chemical composition of Scheele's green is--arsenious acid, six parts ; oxide of copper, two ; acetic acid, one. Yellow orpiment, or hartal, a sulphuret of arsenic, is used in dyeing a yellow colour.
Artocarpus integrifolia is the jack tree ; its wood is used for dyeing yellow. The yellow orange colour of the clothes of the phoungye ascetic priests of Burma is obtained from it.
Baccauria sapida, the leteku of Assam, is a -small tree. Its bark is used as a mordant with the roots of Morinda angustifolia.
Berberis aristata, B. Asiatica, and B. lycium, all -yield the rusot yellow dye.
Bixa orellana yields the arnotto ; is used to impart a bright orange colour to silk goods, and to afford a deeper shade to simple yellows.
Bombax Malabaricrtm is supposed to yield one of the substances known as mochras, small pieces of a dark-brown resinous-looking substance, generally mixed with some fragments of bark. The other mochras is in largish opaque yellow pieces, curi ously convoluted, and is supposed to be an exu dation from the areca catechu palm.
Borax is occasionally used with turmeric in calico printing.
Butea frondosa and B. superba yield the tisso flowers, which are used to dye yellow.
Cmsalpinia sappan wood, adding lac, and with alum as a mordant, dyes woollen and e,otton stuffs of a dark red and shades of red. The chips are -soaked for two days in water with lac and alum, and then boiled, and the liquid used as a dye.
Calysaccion longifolium is the suringa of the Bombay Presidency. Its bark and powdered roots are used for dyeing. In Kaira and Surat it is largely used, Surat utilizing 1303 maunds yearly. Its flowers are emPloyed for dyeing silk.
Carthamus tinctorius has small leaves and an orange flower. C. oxyacantha, with-larger leaves and a yellow flower, is a naive of tlie \Caucasus. They furnish the safflower of commerce. C. tine tortus is cultivated in China, India, Egypt, America, Spam, and the whole of the Indian Archipelago. The flowers contain two pigment principles, one known as. safflower yellow, which is extracted .by pounding and washing the dried flowers ; the other is safflower red, or carthamine, which is the dye of commerce. 1Vhen a weak soda solution of carthainine is left in contact with oxygen, it first becomes yellow and then red, and on saturating this red liquor with citric acid, red carthamine is thrown down. The affinity of carthamine for cotton and silk is such, that when it is recently precipitated, those substances immediately com bine with it, and become at first rose-coloured, and afterwards of a fine red, so that they may be thus dyed without the intervention of the mordant ; the stuffs so dyed are rendered yellow by the alkalies, and the colour is to a certain extent restored, by the acids. Carthamine is never used in dyeing wool. When it is precipitated from concentrated solutions, it furnishes a liquid paint, which, evaporated upon sabeers, leaves a residue of somewhat metallic lustre, used as a pink dye stuff, and which, mixed with finely-powdered talc and dried, constitutes common rouge. Safflower yellow is soluble in water. When the infusion is evaporated, it leaves a,n extract very soluble in water, precipitated by acids and soluble in alkalies. It is not reddened by oxidizing agents.
Carthamine yields six or seven distinct shades of red, such as pink, rose, crimson, scarlet, etc. In com bination with the flowers of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis (harsinghar), it yields a golden orange, a deep orange, and a salmon colotir ; with turmeric it gives a splendid scarlet and other tints ; and when it is combined with indigo, Prussian blue, etc., a series of beautiful purples, a delicate mauve colour, and a deep purple.are produced.