1875-76, 103,583 75,57,474 1878-79, 91,423 29,87,157 1876-77, 128,712 53,69,764 1879-80, 71,048 37,14,959 1877-78, 104,645 36,20,481 1880-81, ... 57,83,202 In the five years 1877 to 1881, Great Britain imported from 51,159 to 101,273 cwt. of shell-lac, seed-lac, and lac-dye.
Laurus cinnamomum, tejpat ; its leaves are used with myrobalan.
Lawsonia inermis. Mahomedan women in Asia use the leaves and shoots for dyeing their nails red, also the palms of the hand and the soles of the feet. The leaves are beaten into a pulp with rice-water, and in that form applied, and the following morning washed off. The manes and tails of the horses are stained red in the same manner ; soine men dye their beards.
Lichens of the mountains oi Ceylon the Neil gherries, the Koondah hills, and the 'Himalayas furnish dyestuffs.
Parmelia perlata, P. Nepalense, a yellow dye, and P. borreri, a . deep brown dye. Sticta orygonosse and several other species give a beauti ful pink dye. Ramalina farinacea is used for food ; Ramalina vulpina yields a fine deep yellow dye.
Lichens of the Kondahs are the Ceeraria &um ' and another species, Lecanorts Tartarea, Gyro phora deusta, Cladonia rungiferina.
At the Exhibition of 1851, the I'armelia perlata sent from the Neilgherries and Ceylon was valued nt from £195 to .£225 per ton ; and the RoceIla fusiformis sent from Ceylon at £380 the ton.
The Chulehuliera of the Paniab is a mixture of dye lichens, the Pannelia kamtachadalis, P. pmiata, and its rariety P. sorediata; Usnea florida, Ramalina ealicaris, and Physica laucomela.
Lime is used in calico-printing in corabination with gum ais a resist paste. It is also employed with sugar to excite fermentation in indigo, and convert it into indigo white, in the presence of hydrogen.
Madder dyestuff of Europe and Western Asia is the roots of the Rubin tmetorium, and yields the well-known Turkish red. The madder used in India is from the Rubia cordifolia, locally known as the manjith. Turkey madder roots at ono time realized about 20s. or 30s. the cwt., and manjith somewhat less. During the 11 years 1850-51 to 1860-61, the value of the manjith ex ported from India ranged from £10,694 to134,379. The sale of both these plants has been very greatly affected by the discovery of the aniline dyers. Great Britain has diminished its imports of them as under, in ewts.:—
1877. 1878. 1679. 1SSO. 1881.
39,166 33,061 21,463 22,375 18,129 Mallotus Philippinensis furnishes the kapli or kamela, extensively used in India as an orange dye, principally for silk and wool. It is in the form of a red mealy powder on the capsules, which are gathered in March, arid rubbed together, trodden on, or shaken in bags till the farina sepa rates. Four parts of the powder, one of powdered alum, and two of carbonate of soda, are rubbed I well together with oil of sesamum, and then boiled in water, into' which the silk is dipped. It is, however, sufficient to mix it with water alone, or with water containing half its weight of carbonate of soda. It does not require a mordant. It also produces in tho N.W. Provinces a rich flame colour of great beauty and permanence. Colonel Beddome says that some of the powder, carefully collected by the Forest Department, brought a high price in England. The bark is used for tanning.
Marsdenia tinctoria, native of Sylhet and Burma, is cultivated in Northeru India. Its leaves yield more and superior indigo to tho Indigofera tinctoria.
Mica, in a ronghly powdered form, is used by dyers and washermen to sprinkle on cloth to give it a. sparkling appearance.
Morinda citrifolia, M. bracteata, 31. tinctoria, and 11. umbellata are dye plants common in India and eastwards to China. The dyestuff is obtained both from the roots and the bark. M. bracteata contains in its bark two colours, yellow and red, changing to crimson by the application of alka lies. In many places the roots of the 11. umbellata are employed instead of chay-root in dyeing cotton yarn red. The colour is neither so bright nor so durable. Dr. Heyne thus describes the process. Take 31 pounds of white cotton yarn and soak it in pound of gingelly oil ; a strong lye mado of the ashes of the milk-hedge, and tho yarn steeped in it for four nights, being dried in the Sun during the day ; it is then washed in brackiah water, and dried in the sun. Or 5 seers (kutclia, 13/ pounds ?) of togara root, M. citrifolia, finely powdered, aro put into a pot of water together with tha. yarn, and kept all night over a fire of cow-dung. In the morning it is taken ont and dried in the sun. The same process is repeated for two successive days and nighta, which completes the process.