Huskisson
Huskisson, William, Eng Lish Statesman And Financier: B. Birch-moreton, Worcestershire, 11 March 1770; D. 15 Sept. 1830. He Was Sent To Paris In 1783 To Study Medicine. In 1789 He Became An Enthusiastic Sympathizer With The French Revolution, Was Present At The Taking Of The Bastille And Joined The Club ...
Hussites
Hussites, Followers Of The Bohemian Re Former And Martyr John Huss (q.v.), Who To Avenge His Death On The Treac'terous Emperor Sigismund And The Clergy Involved The Empire In One Of The Most Terrible Wars Of History (1420-34). Instead Of Suppressing The Teach Ings Of Huss, The Auto-da-fe Of Constance ...
Hutchinson
Hutchinson, Anne, American Reli Gious Leader, The Founder Of The Antinomian Party In The New England Colonies: B. Lin Colnshire, England, About 1590; D. Westchester County, N. Y., August 1643. She Was The Daughter Of A Lincolnshire Clergyman. In England She Was Interested In The Preaching Of John Cotton And ...
Hutchinson_2
Hutchinson, Thomas, American Co Lonial Governor: B. Boston 9 1711; D. Brompton , Near London, 3 June 17 80. He Was The Son Of A Merchant Of Boston Who Was Long A Member Of The Council, And Graduated At Harvard College In 1727. He Represented Bos Ton For 10 Years ...
Hutten
Hutten. Ulrich Von, Ool'rih 48n, Ger Man Knight, Distinguished For His Poems And Satires, And For The Influence Which His Writings Exercised Upon The Reformation: B. Steckel Berg On The Main, 21 April 1488; D. Ufnau, An Island In The Lake Of Zurich, 23 Aug. 1523. His Father Placed Him ...
Huxley
Huxley, Thomas Henry, English Biolo Gist : B. Ealing, Middlesex, England, 4 May 1825; D. Eastbourne, Sussex, 29 June 1895. When He Was 12 Or 13, He Wished To Become A Mechanical Engineer; But A Medical Brother-in Law (dr. Salt) Took Him In Hand, And He Com Menced At This ...
Huygens
Huygens, Hoi-gas Or Mar, Chris Tian, Dutch Mathematician, Astronomer And Physicist : B. The Hague, 1629; D. There, 8 June 1695. He Studied At Leyden, And At Breda, Where He Went Through A Course Of Civil Law From 1646-48. He Settled In Paris At The In Vitation Of The Minister, ...
Hyatt
Hyatt, Alpheus, American Naturalist: It Washington, D. C., 5 April 1838; D. Cambridge, Mass., 15 Jan. 1902. He Was Graduated From The Lawizince Scientific School At Harvard In 1862, Then Entered The Army And Served During The War: Ih The 47th Massachusetts Regiment, Being Promoted To The Rank Of Captain. ...
Hybridity
Hybridity, The Crossing Of Two Individ Uals Of Distinct Species. The Result Of The Mtercrossing Of Species Is A Hybrid, For Exam Pie, The Mule, Which Is The Result Of Breeding The Horse With The Ass. As The Mule Is Invari Ably Sterile, The Infertility Has Always Been Supposed To ...
Hybrids In Plants
Hybrids In Plants. A Hybrid May Be Defined As A Cross Between Two Parents Be Longing To Different Varieties Or Different Spe Cies. In A Few Cases, Two Different Genera Have Been Crossed. Thus, It Is Evident That The Term, Hybrid, Is Used Whenever The Two Parents Do Not Belong ...
Hyde
Hyde, Douglas, Irish Author And His Torian: B. Frenchpark, County Roscommon, 1860. After Receiving His Bachelor's Degree From Trinity College, Dublin, In 1884 And His Ll.d. Three Years Later, He Became Interim Professor Of Modern Languages At The State University Of New Brunswick (1891). Hyde's Chief Title To Fame Rests ...
Hydraulic Engine
Hydraulic Engine, An Engine Which Is Driven By The Power Or Pressure Of Water Seeking A Lower Level. The Simplest Form Of Engine Utilizing Water Power Is The Water Wheel. The Overshot Wheel Acts Partly By The Impact Of The Stream Flowing In The Sluice, Partly By The Weight Of ...
Hydraulic Engineering
Hydraulic Engineering, That Branch Of Civil Engineering Which Deals With The Application To The Use And Convenience Of Man Of The Natural Laws Governing Water And Other Liquids. In Practice It Is Closely Connected With And Utilizes The Details Of Other Branches, Such As Mechanical, Electrical, Mining And The Almost ...
Hydraulic Machinery
Hydraulic' Machinery, Machinery Which Is Operated By Water Pressure, Either Natural Or Transmitted: Natural, As In A Pipe Leading Down From An Elevated Reservoir; Transmitted, When The Pressure Is Produced By An Engine, Such As A Pump Or A Hydraulic Ram. The More Poiverful Hydraulic Machines Are Worked Through An ...
Hydraulic Press
Hydraulic Press. The Action Of The Hydraulic Press Depends On Two Facts Concern Ing Water: (1) That It Is Incompressible; (2) That When Confined It Will Transmit Equally In All Directions Any Pressure To Which It Is Sub Jected. The Hydraulic Press By Which These Facts Are Put To Economic ...
Hydraulic Ram
Hydraulic Ram, An Automatic Ma Chine Generally Employed To Lift Water From A Low Level To A Higher One, But Also To Supply Compressed Air For Motor Purposes. The Hy Draulic Ram Operates By The Momentum Of A Body Of Falling Water. It Consists Essentially Of A Large Pipe Sloping ...
Hydraulic Transmission
Hydraulic Transmission. The Fact That Water Confined Within An Unyielding Encasement Transmits Equally In All Directions Any Pressure Put Upon It Gives Rise To The Principle Of Hydraulic Transmission—the Transference Of Power By Means Of A Column Of Water Under Pressure. In The Industrial Appli Cation Of This Idea The ...
Hydraulics
Hydraulics, That Branch Of Engineer Ing Science Which Deals With Liquids (especially Water) In Motion, The Regulation Of The Row Of Liquids, And Utilization Of The Momentum, Pres Sure, Weight, Etc., As When Confined In Pipes And Channels, For The Operation Of Machinery, Or Doing Useful Work. Water Being The ...
Hydriodic Ether
Hydriodic Ether (more Correctly Known As Ethyliodide), A Heavy, Colorless Liquid With A Sharp, Pungent Taste And A Pene Trating Ethereal Odor, Obtained By Acting Upon Pure Ethyl Alcohol (c2h..0h) By Iodine, In Presence Of Red Phosphorus. The Proportion Is 1 Part Of Red Phosphorus (or Equal Parts Of Red ...
Hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbons, The Simplest Of Or Ganic Compounds, Consisting Solely Of Carbon And Hydrogen. They Are Exceedingly Numerous, And Many Of Them Occur In Nature, Both In Petroleum, Asphaltum And Similar Minerals Of Organic Origin, And In The Essential Oils Of Plants. They Are Produced Economically In The Dry Distillation Of ...
Hydrocephalus
Hydrocephalus, A Dropsical Effu Sion Of Fluids Into The Interior Of The Skull, Occupying One Or More Of The Ventricles Of The Brain Or The Submeningeal Space, Or Both. The Symptoms Of Acute Meningitis Are Such That The Older Authors Called This Disease Acute Hydro Cephalus, But There May Be ...
Hydrodynamics
Hydrodynamics (vdwp. Water; &moms, Force), Or Hydromechanics, Is That Part Of Dynamics Which Treats Of The Motion Or Rest Of Fluids Under The Action Of Forces. A Perfect Fluid Is Defined As A Body Whose Parts Are Perfectly Free To Move Under The Action Of The Smallest Forces, Or Otherwise, ...
Hydrogen
Hydrogen (greek, °producing Water" In Reference To The Fact That In Burning In Air Or Oxygen, Hydrogen Forms Water-vapor), A Gaseous Element, Discovered By Cavendish In 1766. It Was At First Called "inflammable Air,x' The Present Name Being Due To Lavoisier. Hy Drogen Is The Lightest Known Substance, And It ...
Hydrographic Office
Hydrographic Office, United States, An Institution Established By Act Of Congress In 1866 For The Improvement Of The Means For Navigating Safely The Vessels Of The Navy And Mercantile Marine. It Is Attached To The Bureau Of Navigation Of The Department Of The Navy, And Prepares The Instructions For And ...
Hydrography
Hydrography. Hydrography Has Been Viewed By Past Generations Of Writers As Comprehending All Those Branches Of Science Which Pertain To The Waters Of The Earth's Sur Face. In The Present Generation, However, The Description And Knowledge Of The Oceans Is Em Braced In Oceanography; The Description Of The River Systems, ...
Hydrology
Hydrology, Hi-drol'-o-ge. Although Etymologically Hydrology Covers The Entire Science Of Water, Its Properties, Phenomena, Laws And Distribution, The Application Of The Term Usually Is Restricted To Investigation And Description Of Water In Or On The Earth, That Is, Undergrdund Waters And Stream Flow Or The Increment Of Water From Rainfall. ...
Hydrometer
Hydrometer, An Instrument For De Termining Specific Gravity, As Of Fluids, By Flota Tion. For Determining The Specific Gravity Of A Liquid, The Instrument Is Floated In The Liquid Itself. When A Solid Body Floats In A Liquid, And Displaces A Quantity Of The Liquid, It Is Sup Ported By ...
Hydrophobia
Hydrophobia (from Greek Words Meaning °fear Of Water"), An Acute Or Subacute Infectious Disease, Particularly Of Canine Animals. It Is Usually Communicated By A Bite Of The Afflicted Animal, And The Contagion, The Exact Nature Of Which Is Still Under Discussion, Is Resident For The Most Part In The Saliva, ...
Hydrophytes
Hydrophytes, Plants Which Grow In Water Or Mud. They May Be Wholly Submerged, Completely Without Roots, And Derive Their Suste Nance Wholly From The Water; Or May Live Amphibiously, Rooted In Soil And Lifting Some Or All Of Their Leaves Into The Air, And So Differ Only In A Greater ...
Hydrosphere
Hydrosphere Is A Term Used By Geog Raphers To Designate The Total Of The Water On The Earth. It, Therefore, Includes The Oceans, All Lakes And Rivers, The Water-vapor In The Atmosphere And That Which Has Penetrated Into The Substance Of The Globe (lithosphere). To Estimate The Amount Of This ...
Hydrostatics
Hydrostatics, That Branch Of Engi Neering Science Which Deals With The Mechanics Of Liquids At Rest, And The Action Of Forces Upon Static Liquids; That Is, The Theories Of Pressure And Equilibrium As Concerning Liquids, Especially Water. The Mechanics Of Confined Liquids Are Based Largely On The Following Conclusion: Any ...
Hydrotherapy
Hydrotherapy (greek, Bdwp Water, And, Ezparela, Cure), A Method Of Treating Dis Eases By The Application Of Hot And Cold Water, Which Has Come Extensively Into Practice Of Late Years, And Is Recognized •by The Medical Pro Fession As A Very Efficient Therapeutic Agent. The Efficacy Of Water As A ...
Hydrozoa
Hydrozoa, A Class Of Ccelenterata (q.v.) Embracing The Polyps, All Of Which Bear A General Resemblance To Hydra (q.vd. There Are Two Alternating Generations, That Is, (1) The Sessile Asexual Polyp, Which Gives Rise To (2) A Jelly Fish Or Medusa. The Hydroid Polyp Is Like Hydra, A Two-layered Vase-like ...
Hyena
Hyena, Hi-e'n'a, One Of A Family (hyaiii (ha) Of Carnivorous Mammals, Having Relations In Structure To The Bears, The Cats And The Civets, Familiar In Africa And Southern Asia. They Are Of Considerable Size, About 150 To 250 Pounds For Adults, Have Large, Rather Short Heads, Powerful Forequarters, Feeble And ...
Hygiene
Hygiene, Broadly The Science And Art Of Preserving And Improving Health. Health In This Instance Is Defined As Soundness Of Body, That Is, Such A Condition Of All Its Several Parts That They Are Able To Perform Their Functions Without Difficulty, And Every Natural Appetite Can Be Satisfied Without Consequent ...
Hygrometer
Hygrometer (gr. Gmoisture-meas Ure), An Instrument For Determining The Degree Of Humidity Or Of Moisture Present In The At Mosphere; When Of Primitive Form, Calculated Only To Show The Difference Between A Dry Day And A Damp Day, Called Hydroscope As When Constructed Of Catgut, Hair Or Other Fibrous Material, ...
Hymenoptera
Hymenoptera, Hi-men-6p'te-ra, An Order Of Hexapoda Or Insects, Considered By Many Entomologists To Be The Highest And Most Perfect Expression Of The Insect Type. The Meta Morphosis Is Complete And Extensive. The Larvae Are Short, Thicic Grubs, Footless Except In The Saw-flies (tenthredinic(e) And In Most Cases Are Carefully Nurtured ...
Hymnology
Hymnology. A Hymn Is The Expres Sion Of Praise To God, Designed To Increase The Reverence And Arouse The Devotion Of A Wor Shipper, And Is Often The Vehicle Of Prayer. It Is Usually Expressed In Lyric Verse, But Not Al Ways. Some Hymns Are Designed To Be Recited And ...
Hymns
Hymns, Latin. From The Beginning, The Church Adopted The Psalms And Made Use Of Various Versicles And Devotional Hymns In Its Service. Once The Persecutions Ceased, And Christians Had No Longer To Hold Their Services So As To Avoid Notice, This Practice Grew In Significance. The Great Fathers Of The ...
Hyperides
Hyperides, Hi-per-i'dez, An Athenian Orator: B. About 390; D. About 322 B.c. He Studied Philosophy And Oratory, And Began To Practise At The Law Courts. His Prosecutions Of Autocles, An Athenian General, For Treason; Of Aristophon During The "social War" (358 355 S.c.), And Of Philocrates For High Treason (343 ...
Hyperion
Hyperion. 'hyperion,' A Fragmentary Epic In Blank Verse, Published In 1820, Was Begun While Keats Was Caring For His Dying Brother And Was Continued During His Strug Gles With Grief And Hopeless Love. It Is A Fragment, Yet A Masterpiece. The Theme, The Triumph Of The Gods Over The Titans, ...
Hyperspaces
Hyperspaces. Dimensionality, In Order To Make Quite Intelligible The Concept Variously Denoted By Such Terms As Hyperspace, Space Of Higher Dimensions Or Dimensionality, Multi-dimensional Space, N-space, N-fold Or N-di Mensional Space, It Is In The First Place Neces Sary To Explain The Meaning Of Dimensionality And To Indicate The Way ...
Hypnotics
Hypnotics Are Agents That Induce Sleep. They May Be Mental, Physical Or Medicinal. Thus Certain Kinds Of Music, The Human Voice And Suggestion May Have Power To Induce Sleep, Which May Also Follow From Eating, Or From A Walk, Or A Warm Bath Before Retiring. All Such Simple Measures Should ...
Hypnotism
Hypnotism, Hip'no-tism, The Process By Which One Person, Called A Hypnotist, Obtains, Holds And Exercises Control Of The Will, Volun Tary Powers And Sensory Organism Of Another Person, The Subject (or Victim). The Charac Ter Of Hypnotism Has Been A Matter Of Long Dispute, And The Literature Of The Subject ...
Hypochlorous Acid
Hypochlorous Acid, An Acid Hav Ing The Chemical Formula Hcio, Which Is Formed When Chlorine Monoxide, C1,0, Is Dis Solved In Water. The Most Convenient Method Of Preparing It Is By Distilling A Mixture Of Dilute Nitric Acid And A Salt Of Hypochlorous Acid. The Sodium Salt Of Hypochlorous Acid ...
Hyposcope
Hyposcope (from Greek Words Mean Ing Uto See Under"), Is The Name Given To An Instrument Adapted To Be Secured To The Stock Of A Rifle Near The Breech, And Intended To Enable A Marksman To Fire With Accurate Aim Without Exposing His Head To The Fire Of The Enemy. ...
Hypothesis
Hypothesis, In Logic, The Antecedent Of A Conditional Proposition. An Extensive Mathematical Or Scientific Investigation Often As Sumes The Form Of A Vast Conditional Prop Osition. In Such A Case The Hypothesis Is Usually Stated Once For All At The Beginning And Taken For Granted In The Rest Of The ...
Hypsometry
Hypsometry (greek, Theight-measure Ment"), The Art Of Determining Differences Of Elevation On The Earth's Surface. Three Dis Tinct Modes Of Procedure May Be Adopted For Measuring A Given Difference In Level. The First And Most Accurate Of These Consists In Running A Aline Of Between The Two Stations Whose Difference ...
Hysteria
Hysteria, A Morbid State Of The Nerv Ous System In Which The Clinical Manifestations Present A Wonderful Variety Of Symptoms Closely Simulating Some Forms Of Organic Disease. There Is Often Increased Physical Irritability; The Condition Is Frequently Manifested By Neu Ralgic Pains, Hyperwsthesias, Hallucinations And Convulsive And Paralytic Phenomena. It ...
Hythe
Hythe, Kith, England, A Market Town And Municipal And Parliamentary Borough Of Kent, About 70 Miles Southeast Of London. Served By The South-eastern And Chatham Railway. It Is Situated Not Far From The Sea, Romney Marsh Intervening, And Is A Popular Resort. Hythe Is Connected With Sandgate, Three Miles Distant ...
Hyvernat
Hyvernat, Hi'ver'nat, Eugene Xavier Louis Henri, French-american Oriental Scholar: B. S. Julien-en-tarret, Loire, 30 June 1858. He Was Educated At Saint John's Semi Nary And The University Of France, Lyons, The Seminaire De S. Sulpice And Seminaire D'issy, Paris. In 1882 He Was Ordained To The Priest Hood And The ...
I The Nature Of
I. The Nature Of History. 1. Meaning Of The Term.— The Term His Tory, In Popular Usage, Has Been Applied To Two Somewhat Different Concepts. It Is Often Used To Designate The Sum Total Of Human Activities, And It Is When Used In This Sense That One Often Hears The ...
Ibex
Ibex, Any Of Several Species Of Wild Goat (q.v.), Sometimes Placed Apart In A Sub-genus Ibex, Distinguished By The Form Of The Horns Of The Ram, Which Are Large (30 To 50 Inches Long), Backward Curving, Compressed And Marked On The Front With Bold Cross-ridges Or Knob-like Protuberances. The Ibexes ...
Ibis
Ibis, A Family Of Wading-birds (ibidide) Inhabiting Warm Regions. They Are Related To The Storks On The One Hand And To The Spoonbills And Flamingoes On The Other. Their Bills Are Long, Weak, Curved And The Nasal Grooves Are Very Long. The Legs Are Long, The Tibia Partly Naked And ...
Ibn Batuta
Ibn Batuta, Bi.-too'ta., Abu Abdul Lah Mohammed, Moslem Traveler: B. Tangier, 1304; D. 1378. When He Became 21 Years Of Age He Started An His Journeys. His First Trip Was Along The Mediterranean Coast From Tangier To Alexandria. He Visited Cairo, Aleppo And Damascus, And Then Journeyed To Mecca. After ...
Ibrahim Pasha
Ibrahim Pasha, Egyptian General: B. Kavala, Thrace, 1789; D. 184& His Father Was Mehemet Ali, The Pasha Of Egypt. At The Age Of 16, He Was Sent As A Hostage To The Ottoman Empire, But Returned To Egypt After The Failure Of The English Army To Gain A Foot Hold ...
Ibsen
Ibsen, Henrik, Norwegian Dramatist: B. Skien, Norway, 20 March Christiania, Norway, 23 May 1906. He Became An Apothe Cary's Apprentice In The Little Town Of Grim Stad, Being Forced To Earn A Living Owing To The Impoverished Condition Of His Family, But Was Determined Not To Ignore Any Possibility Of ...
Icazbalceta
Icazbalceta, Joaquin Garcia, Mexican Author: B. Mexico City, 1825•, D. 1894. He Contributed Numerous Biographical Articles To The Universal De His Toria Y Geografia.' His Historical Researches Are Most Important And Are A Great Storehouse Of Information. They Include (colecd6n De Documentos Para La Historia De Mexico' (1858 66) ; ...
Ice Industry
Ice Industry. Though The Use Of Natural And Artificial Ice As An Article Of Com Mercial Value Practically Began Only In The First Part Of The 19th Century, Yet The Artificial Pro Duction Of Cold Began Long Before The Modern Civilized Era. In Greece And Rome During The Early Ages ...
Ice Yachts And Ice
Ice Yachts And Ice Yachting. The Amusement Or Sport Of Sailing Yachts Over The Ice Has Reached Its Highest Development In The United States. The Sport Abroad Is Con Fined To Russia, Sweden And Norway. Boats Of The Russian River Club Are Sailed Over A Portion Of The Gulf Of ...
Iceberg
Iceberg, A Mass Of Floating Ice, Usually Detached From The Front Of A Glacier, Though The Term Is Also Applied To Floe Ice That Has Frozen On The Surface Of The Ocean And Then Broken Up. The Fronts Of Many Alaskan And Greenland Glaciers Are Discharging Icebergs Al Most Continuously. ...
Icelandic Language
Icelandic Language. The Ice Landic Language Is A Member Of The Scandina Vian Branch Of Germanic Languages. Together With Old Norwegian As Spoken In Norway And In Her Western Colonies, The Modern Norwe Gian Dialects, And Faroish It Forms The Western Scandinavian Group, While Swedish And Danish Form The Eastern. ...
Icelandic Literature
Icelandic Literature — Old Ice Landic (800-1500).— The Old Icelandic Poetry Is A Development Of The Old Norwegian, Which, However, It Soon Surpassed. From The Middle Of The 10th Century Almost All The Skalds (poets) Are Icelanders. After The Famous Nor Wegian Eyvind Skaldaspillir, Whose Mil,' Composed In Memory Of ...