Antilles
Antilles, Name Given Both To The Group Of Large Islands Forming The Northern Limit And The Chain Of Small Islands Forming The Eastern Border Of The Caribbean Sea. Prac Tically All Of The West Indian Islands (see West Indies), Except The Bahamas Are Thus Included. The Greater Antilles (cuba, Jamaica, ...
Antimasonry
Antimasonry. In The United States History, (1) The Widespread Hostility To The Freemasons, As An Order Whose Oaths Were Claimed To Be Superior To Public Duty And Pri Vate Morality, Excited By The Fate Of William Morgan (q.v.) In 1826. He Was A Broken Vir Ginian, Who Had Settled In ...
Antimony
Antimony, One Of The Metallic Elements. It Is Found In Nature In The Metallic State, But Its Chief Commercial Source Is The Mineral Stibnite, Which Is A Sulphide Of Antimony (sb.s.). Considerable Of The Metal Is Pro Duced As A By-product In The Smelting Of Lead Silver Ores. The Mineral ...
Antinomianism
Antinomianism, The Name Applied To The Doctrine That The Dispensation Of Grace As Set Forth In The New Testament Frees The Christian From The Claims And Obligations Of The Moral Law As Presented In The Old Testa Ment. In The Early Church There Were Anti Nomian Tendencies Due To An ...
Antioch
Antioch (latin, Antiochia), The Ancient Capital Of The Greek Kings Of Syria; On The Orontes, About 21 Miles From The Sea. It Was Founded By Seleucus Nicator In 300 B.c., And Named After His Father Antiochus. The First Inhabitants Were Brought From Antigonia, Founded By Antigonus In 307. It Was ...
Antiochus
Antiochus, The Name Of 13. Kings Of Syria: 1. Awriockws I, Or Antiochus Soter, Son Of Seleucus: B. About 324 /lc.; D. 261 B.c. He Succeeded His Father In 280 B.c. And Disputed Macedonia With Antigonus Gonatas, But Finally Relinquished It To Him. During The Greater Part Of His Reign ...
Antipope
Antipope, A Pontiff Elected In Opposition To One Canonically Chosen. The First Antipodes Were: Felix, During The Pontificate Of Liberius (352-66) And Recognized During The Absence Of Liberius; Ursinus, Against Damasus (366 84) ; Eulalius, Against Boniface I (418-22); Laurentius, Against Symmachus (498-514) ; Dioscurus, Against Boniface Ii (530-32) ; ...
Antipyrin
Antipyrin, The Trade Name Of An Arti Ficial Alkaloidal Substance Known To The Chemist As Oxydimethyl-quinizin, Or, More Accurately, As Oxy-phenyl-di-methyl-pyrazole. It Is A Crystal Line Substance Melting At 235° F. And Soluble In Water, Alcohol, Ether, And Chloroform. An Tipyrin Is A Derivative Of Coal-tar, An Or Ganic Nitrogenous ...
Antirent Agitation
Antirent Agitation, In New York State. Although The Manorial System Of Large Landed Estates With Leasehold Tenants Dis Appeared Early In All Other Parts Of The North Ern States Of The Union, It Flourished Vigorously Along The Hudson And Mohawk Until Well Into The 19th Century. This Was Due Probably ...
Antiseptic
Antiseptic, Any Substance Which Re Tards Or Prevents The Growth And Development Of Lower Forms Of Organisms Injurious To Higher Forms Of Life. The Discovery That The Breaking Down Or Decay Of Organic Bodies Was Caused By Minute Plants, Fungi, Bacteria, Etc., Led To The Idea Of Preventing The Action ...
Antitorpedo Boats
Antitorpedo Boats. The Ideal Antitorpedo Boat Is The Destroyer. It Is Big Enough To Stay At Sea In All Weathers. In The United States Navy It Carries An Armament Of Several Four-inch Guns And With Its Speed Of From 30 To 35 Knots An Hour It Can Swiftly Dash Down ...
Antitrust Laws
Antitrust Laws, In The United States. The First Of These On The Statute Books Was An Ordinance Of Alabama In 1883 Against The Pooling Of Freights By Railroads. The First General Law Against Business Combinations Was Enacted By Kansas In 1889. But The General Movement Against Trusts Which Took Shape ...
Antlers
Antlers, The Weapons Borne Upon The Head Of A Male Deer During The Breeding Sea Son. They Are An Outgrowth Of True Bone Sup Ported Upon Protuberances From The Crown Of The Skull, Called Pedicels. As The Spring Ap Proaches, The Hairy Skin With Which These Are Covered Becomes Highly ...
Antokolskii
Antokolskii, Mark Matvyeevich, Russian Sculptor: B. Vilna 1842. He Received His Elementary Education And His First Notions Of Sculptural Art In An Engraving Factory In Vilna. In 1863 He Entered The Academy Of Fine Arts And Within Two Years Received A Prize For His Wood Carving (evening Toil Of An ...
Antonello Da Messina
Antonello Da Messina, Sicilian Painter : B. Messina About 1430; D. 15 Feb. 1479. But Few Artists Of Antonello's Im Portance Have Left Such Slight Dews For The Biographer, And It Is Only In Recent Years That The Diligent Investigations Of Archwologists Have Brought To Light A Certain Amount Of ...
Antonius
Antonius, Marcus, Commonly Known As Mark Antony, A Roman Triumvir: B. 86 A.c.; D. 30 B.c. He Was The Grandson Of Marcus An Tonius, The Greatest Orator And One Of The Great Est Men Of His Day. His Father, Also Marcus Antonius, Was Surnamed Creticus In Derision, From A Disgraceful ...
Antony And Cleopatra
Antony And Cleopatra. On 20 May 1608. Blount Entered In The Stationers' Register "a Book Called Antony And Cleo Patra.* This Was Undoubtedly Shakespeare's 'antony And Cleopatra.> Internal Evidence Also Places The Date Of Composition At 1607-08, When The Dramatist Was In The Full Maturity Of His Powers. So Far ...
Antropov
Antropov, Alexyei Petrovich. In-trii Pof, A Russian Painter, A Pupil Of A. Matvyeyev, Of The Icon Painter Vishnyakov And Of L. Car Ravac: B. 14 March 1716; D. 12 June 1795. A Prominent "elizabethan," A Master Of Design And Of Perspective And In Several Respects A Person Of No Ordinary ...
Antwerp
Antwerp, Belgium, Canital Of The Prov Ince Of The Same Name, Situated About 50 Miles From The Open Sea And 25 Miles North Of Brus Sels, In A Level Tract On The Right Bank Of The Scheldt, Which Is There About 2,200 Feet Broad And Has A Depth At Ebb-tide ...
Anuchin
Anuchin, Dimitri Nikolaievich, Cher', Russian Anthropologist And Geographer: B. St. Petersburg, 27 Jan. 1843. Elementary Edu Cation He Received In A Gymnasium. Later He Studied History And Philology At The University Of St. Petersburg; Specialized In Anthropology And Zoology At The University Of Moscow. In 1880 The University Of Moscow ...
Anzengruber
Anzengruber, An'ts&i-groo-ber, Lud Wig, German Dramatist: B. Vienna, 2$ Nov. 1839; D. Vienna, 10 Dec. 1889. In Early Life He Sometimes Wrote Under The Pseudonym L. Gru Ber. His Father's Ancestors Were Austrian Peasants And His Mother Was Of Viennese Descent. The Elder Anzengruber, Who Was An Admirer Of Schiller, ...
Aorta
Aorta, The Name Given To The Great Arterial Trunk Of The Body. It Springs From The Left Ventricle Of The Heart, Arches Backward To The Vertebral Column, And, Descending In The Back Portion Of The Thorax, Passes Through The Diaphragm Into The Posterior Part Of The Abdo Men, At The ...
Apache
Apache, A-pa'che (pima, ((enemy))), The Name Of A Large Indian Tribe Of The Athabascan Stock, Kindred Of The Navajos, And. Originally Occupying The Region From Central Texas To The Colorado River In Arizona. The Spaniards Ap Plied The Name, Borrowed From The Pimas, To All The Races Just North Of ...
Aparejo
Aparejo, A'par-l'ho. This Pack-saddle, Most Generally Used In Military Service, Con Sists Of A Strong Leather Sack, About Two Feet Wide And From 55 To 60 Inches Long, According To The Girth Of The Animal. A Seam Running From The Front To The Rear Of The Aparejo Di Vides It ...
Ape A S
Ape (a. S. Apa, Ger. Affe), In Modern Usage, A Term Describing An Old-world Tailless Monkey, Such As The Gorilla, Orang-utan, Chim Panzee Or Gibbon, But Originally An Exact Syn Onym For Monkey And Applied To Any Quadru Manous Animal Except The Lemurs. For Exam Ples Of This Older Usage ...
Apelles
Apelles, The Most Famous Painter Of Ancient Greece And Of Antiquity: B. In The 4th Century B.c., Probably At Colophon. He First Studied At Ephesus, Under Ephoros, And At Tracted By The Renown Of The Sicyonian School, He Studied Later At Sicyon. In The Time Of Philip He Went To ...
Apennines
Apennines, The Chief Mountain Range Of Italy, About 800 Miles Long And 25 To 85 Miles Wide, Extending From Savona To Reggio In The Form Of A Bow. Geologically The Apen Nines Resemble The Alps And Connect Them With The North Sicilian And North African Mountain Ranges. Granite And Crystalline ...
Aphasia
Aphasia, A-fi'zhi-a, The Designation Of A Disorder Of Speech Due To Disturbance Of The Brain Mechanism Independently Of Any Muscu Lar Defect. This Mechanism Is Complex And Is Usually Divisible Into Two Parts, The Receptive Or Sensory And Emissive Or Motor. To The Former Belong Those Parts Of The Brain ...
Aphid
Aphid, A Plant-louse Of The Family Aphidida., Order Hemiptera. Aphides Are Among The Most Abundant Of Insects And Do Much In Jury To Vegetation By Their Habit Of Sucking The Sap Of Leaves And Stems Of Plants. They Are Usually Very Small, Never Over A Quarter Of An Inch In ...
Apocalypse
Apocalypse (greek, Apokalypsis, From Apokalypto, I Reveal), The Name Frequently Given To The Last Book Of The New Testament. It Is Generally Believed That The Apocalypse Was Writ Ten By John In His Old Age, At The End Of The 1st Century (95-97 A.d.), In The Isle Of Patmos, Whither ...
Apocalyptic Literature
Apocalyptic Literature. A Dis Tinct Type Of Religious Literature Emanating From Jewish And Christian Sources. The Form Ative Period Of Its Growth And Development Reached From 200 B.c. To 100 A.d. The Name "apocalypse* Comes From The Greek, Mean Ing °disclosures Or °revelation,* And Refers To A Special Kind Of ...
Apocrypha
Apocrypha. The Term Is Generally Applied To Distinct Groups Of Religious Literature Closely Associated With The Canons Of The Old And New Testaments. This Literature Was Not Regarded As Canonical, Although Much Read And Quoted In Church And Synagogue. The Old Testament Group, A Collection Of 14 Books Of Jewish ...
Apogamy
Apogamy. In All Plants Which Have Reached The Level Of Sexuality, A New Individual Is Initiated By The Union Of Two Cells, Called Gametes. In Exceptional Cases The Ability To Reproduce Sexually Is Lost, Either Temporarily Or Permanently. Plants Which Have Lost This Power, After Having Attained It, Are Said ...
Apollo
Apollo, Son Of Zeus (jupiter) And Leto (latona), Who Being Persecuted By The Jeal Ousy Of Hera (juno), After Tedious Wanderings And Nine Days' Labor, Was Delivered Of Him And His Twin Sister, Artemis (diana), On The Island Of Delos. He Was The Most Important Of The Olympian Deities After ...
Apologetics
Apologetics, The Department Of Theo Logical Science Which Deals With The Defense Of The Christian Faith. It Differs From Dogmatics Which Strives To Reduce The Doctrines Of Reli Gion To A Systematic Form; And From Polemics, Which Is The Science Of Controversy, And While Its Subject Matter Comprises The Differences ...
Apologia Pro Vita Sua
Apologia Pro Vita Sua (first Published In Parts, April To June 1864; Re Vised And Republished As A Whole, 1865), By Cardinal Newman, Is The Autobiography Of A Great Soul. In 1845 Newman Left The English For The Roman Church. Almost 20 Years Later Charles Kingsley Included Him In An ...
Apospory
Apospory. Apospory Is The Natural Complement Of Apogamy (q.v.). It May Be De Fined As The Production Of A Gametophyte From A Sporohyte (see Alternation Qf Genera Tions) Without The Intervention Of A Spore. The Word Means That The Spore Has Been Left Out. Apospory Was First Discovered In The ...
Apostle
Apostle (literally One Sent Out, From The Greek Apostellein, To Send Out) And In The Christian Church The Title Given To The 12 Men Whom Jesus Selected To Attend Him During His Ministry, Witness His Miracles, Learn His Doc Trines And Thus Be Able To Promulgate His Re Ligion. Their ...
Appalachian America
Appalachian America, A Term Used To Designate The Southeastern Mountain Region Of The United States. This Territory Has A Certain Sociological Unity, Based On Phys Ical Conditions, Which Was Long Obscured By The Fact That It Was Parceled Out Among Several Different States. Physiographically It Is A Mountainous Terri Tory ...
Appalachian Mountains
Appalachian Mountains, The Great Mountain System Of The Eastern United States Extending From Northern Alabama Into The State Of New York And According To The Best Recent Opinion Embracing Also The New England System. Thus Defined It Includes A Number Of Ranges And Mountain Groups Of Which The Most Important ...
Appam Case
Appam Case, The. In February 1916 The British Steamship Appam Was Captured At Sea By The German Raider Moewe; A Prize Crew Was Put On Board And The Vessel Was Taken Into Hampton Roads. Her British Owners Filed Suit To Recover Possession Of Her From Her Captors. Federal Judge Edmund ...
Apparent
Apparent, A Term Employed By Mathe Maticians And Astronomers To Denote Things As They Appear To The Eye In Distinction From What They Really Are. Thus They Speak Of Apparent Motion, Magnitude, Distance, Height, Time, Etc. So Important Is This Difference Between Reality And Appearance, Particularly In Regard To The ...
Apparition
Apparition, The Name Given To An Il Lusion Involuntarily Generated, By Means Of Which Forms Not Present To The Actual Sense Are Depictured With Intensity Sufficient To Create A Temporary Belief In Their Reality. It Is Now Generally Held To He The Result Of The Reaction Of An Excited Imagination, ...
Appeal
Appeal, A Legal Term Signifying The Re Moval Of A Cause From An Inferior Tribunal To A Superior, In Order That The Latter May Revise, And, If Needful, Reverse Or Amend, The Decision Of The Former. In The United States The Distinction Be Tween An Appeal, Which Originated In The ...
Appendicitis
Appendicitis, The Name Applied To An Infectious Disease Of The Vermiform Appendix, A Small Organ Occupying The Lower Right Side Of The Abdominal Cavity. The First Authentic Rec Ord Of The Distinct Localization Of A Lesion In The Appendix Was Made By Saracenus In A Letter 28 Aug. 1642. A ...
Appenzell
Appenzell, Switzerland, A Canton Wholly Enclosed Within The Territory Of The Canton Of Saint Gall, And, Though Covering An Area Of Only 162 Square Miles, Divided Into Two Independent Portions, Ausser-rhoden (101 Square Miles) Or Outer-rhodes, Which Is Protestant, And Inner-rhoden (61 Square Miles), Or Inner-rhodes, Which Is Catholic. It ...
Apperception
Apperception, A Psychological Term Referring To Higher Consciousness. Until Re Cently There Has Been Considerable Confusion Among English And American Writers On Psy Chology As To The Meaning Of The Terms Percep Tion And Apperception. To Point Out The Source Of This Confusion Requires A Brief History Of The Term ...
Appius
Appius • Claudius Crassus, A Roman Patrician, Of The Family Of The Claudii. In 451 B.c., When The Decemvirs Were Appointed To Compose A Complete Legal Code For Rome (afterward Known As The Laws Of The Twelve Tables), And To Wield The Supreme Power In The State For A Year ...
Apple
Apple. Horticulturists Regard This Tree And Its Fruit As The Progeny Of Two Original Stems, The Pyru.s Maims And Pyrus Baccata, All The Common Species Of Apples Being Modifica Tions Of The P. Mains Of Linnaeus. Origin And Antiquity.— The Common Apple Appears In The Mythology, Traditions, History And Archaeology ...
Apple Crops Of
Apple Crops Of Rue World. (latest Official Returns And Estimates). Equivalents Employed: 1 Bbl. = 2 1-2 Bushels, Each Of 50 Ms.: 18 Bbls. = 1 Long Ton; 16 Bbls. = 1 Short Ton. Country. Bushels. United States Of America, Census, 1909 •146,122,318 Canada, 1900 18.626..186 1911 10,618,666 1915, Average ...
Applied Mechanics
Applied Mechanics. Applied Me Chanics, Based On The Same Laws And Principles As Theoretical Or Rational Mechanics, Neverthe Less Differs From It In Methods Of Solving Problems As Well As In The Problems Themselves. It Is The Aim In Applied Mechanics To Obtain A Faithful Representation Of The Circumstances Which ...
Appointing Power
Appointing Power, Military. It Has Been Contended By Advocates Of Executive Discretion That Army Appointments Are Embraced In The Power Granted To The President In The Section Of The Constitution, To Nominate And, By And With The Advice And Consent Of The Senate, Appoint °all Other Officers Of The United ...
Apponyi
Apponyi, Albert, Count, Hungarian Statesman : B. 1846. He Is The Son Of The Count George Apponyi (q.v.) Leader Of The Con Servative Party That Opposed The Revolutionary Movement Of 1848, And One Time Chief Justice Of Hungary. Count Albert Was Educated At The Universities Of Vienna And Budapest, En ...
Apprehension
Apprehension (latin Apprehensio, From Ad + Prehendere, To Seize), A Term Em Ployed To Denote The Subjective Character Of Perception. In The Philosophy Of Aristotle The Act Of Attaining Direct Acquaintance With Any Truth Or Object Of Knowledge Was Called Ktie, Which Figuratively Means A Touching Or Immedi Ate Contact ...
Apprenticeship
Apprenticeship, In Law, A Contract By Which A Person Called A Master, Who Under Stands Some Art, Trade Or Business, Undertakes To Teach The Same To Another Person, Commonly A Minor, And Called The Apprentice, Who, On His Part, Is Bound To Serve The Master, During A Definite Period Of ...
Approaches
Approaches, Military. The Succes Ors Of Vauban Followed Up, As Far As Practi Cable, The Methodical Stages In Conducting The Attack Founded Upon His Long Experience, And Which Consisted In A Single Or A Double Con Nected Attack: Approaching The Points Assailed By As Many Lines Of Communication, Directed Upon ...
Appropriation
Appropriation, A Term Denoting A Specific Sum Set Apart By The Legislative Power For A Designated Purpose. In The United States No Money Can Be Drawn From The Treasury Excepting By Appropriations Made By Law (con Stitution, Art. 1). See Appropriations, Amer Ican System Of. Appropriation Of Payments Refers• To ...
Appropriations
Appropriations, American System Of. The Constitution Of The United States Provides That No Money Shall Be Drawn From The Treasury Except Under Appropriations Made By Law (art. I, Sec. Ix, ¶ 7) And That No Ap Propriation For The Army Shall Be Made For More Than Two Years (art. I, ...
Apricot
Apricot, A Small Tree (amygdalus Armeniaca), Of The Family Amygdalacere, Long Grown For Its Fruit And Supposed To Be A Na Tive Of China, Whence It Reached Europe By Way Of Western Asia In The Time Of Alexander The Great. The Fruit Resembles The Peach In Form, Color And Its ...
Apteryx
Apteryx, A Strange Flightless Bird Of New Zealand, Representing The. Apteryges, A Group Of Ratite Birds Nearly Related To The Extinct Dinornis. Four Or Five Species Are Known In The Various Islands Of The New Zealand Group, Besides Two Fossil Species. These Curious Birds, Called ((kiwis' By The Na Tives, ...
Apukhtin
Apukhtin, Aleksei Niko Layevitch, Russian Man Of Letters. B. Bolkhov, 15 Nov. 1840; D. 17 Jan. 1893. He Descended From An Old Noble Family. A Man Of Extraordi Nary Ability, He, While Yet A Child, Betrayed An Astounding Memory And A Fondness For Read Ing, Especially Of Poetry. While Yet ...
Aquarium
Aquarium (latin, A Watering-place For Cattle, From Aqua, Water), A Term Applied To A Tank Or Smaller Receptacle Filled With Water And Stocked With Aquatic Animals And Plants For Study, Or, In The Smaller Examples, For Mere Beauty And Interest. To Maintain Nat Ural Conditions, Both Plants And Animals Must ...
Aquatic Animals
Aquatic Animals, A Term Denoting Animals Living Constantly In Water, And Also Those Which Swim On Its Surface Or Plunge Be Neath It For Food. While The Great Majority Of Crustaceans Are Aquatic, A Few, Such As The Wood-louse And The Land Crab, Are Modified For Life Ashore. Among Mollusks ...
Aquatic Plants
Aquatic Plants, A Term Applied To Plants Growing In Or Belonging To Water. All Vegetation Was Probably Aquatic At First, Cer Tain Plants Becoming Terrestrial By Degrees. Numerous Plants Are, Moreover, In The Strict Sense Of The Word Aquatic, Having Never Ac Quired Or Having Lost All Direct Connection With ...
Aqueducts
Aqueducts. Aqueducts Are Artificial Channels And Structures Connected Therewith, For Conveying Water From One Point To An Other. In A Broad Sense The Word Is Generic, Applying To All Such Channels Or Structures, But It Is Now Generally Restricted To Elevated Struc Tures Or Tunnels Designed To Convey Water By ...
Aquinas
Aquinas, Thomas, A Celebrated Scholas Tic Theologian, Related By Birth To Several Of The Royal Families Of Europe: B. Near Aquino In 1227; D. Fossanora, 7 March 1274. He Stud Ied At The Benedictine Monastery Of Monte Casino And The University Of Naples. About The Age Of 17 He Entered ...
Aquinas
Aquinas, Saint Thomas, Philosophy Of. The Philosophy Of Saint Thomas Aquinas Is The Culmination Of The Philosophic Efforts Of The Christian Schools Of The Middle Ages. These Schools, Dating From Their Foundation In The Reign Of Charlemagne, Set Up A Tradition Of Aristotelian Commentary And Of Independent Speculative Activity Which, ...
Arabi
Arabi, A-ra'be, Ahmed El (usually Known As Arabi Pasha), An Egyptian National Leader: B. In Lower Egypt About 1837; D. Cairo, 21 Sept. 1911. He Was The Son Of A Common Peasant, And, Entering The Army, Rose To The• Rank Of Col One And Became The Head Of A Party ...
Arabia
Arabia, The Peninsula In The Southwestern Part Of Asia, Called By The Natives Jeziret El Arab, That Is, The Peninsula Of The Arabs; And By The Turks And Persians, Ara Bistan. It Is Encompassed On Three Sides By The Sea, Namely, On The Northeast By The Per Sian Gulf And ...
Arabian Nights
Arabian Nights, The. 'the Ara Bian Nights,' Or More Property Thousand Nights And A Night' (alf Leilah Wa-leilah), Is A Collection Of Stories In Arabic Connected By A Frame-story, Probably Persian In Origin And Much Older Than Most, Possibly Than Any, Of Them. This Frame-story, The Distinctive Feature Of The ...
Arabian Philosophy
Arabian Philosophy. Specula Tive Activities Were Stimulated Into Action Among The Arabians With The Appearance Of Sects In The World Of Islam. As Soon As Mohammedanism Came In Contact With Older Civilizations, Notably With That Of Persia, The Ideas And Mental Habits Of The New Converts Created A Spirit Of ...
Arabic Language
Arabic Language. Among The Languages Termed Semitic, Subdivided Into Northern, Embracing Aramean, Canaanitic, And Hebrew, The Babylonian And Assyrian, And Southern, Including Arabic, Himyaritic, Geez Or Ethopian, The Arabic In Its Historical Growth And Development And Its Present-day Wide Diffusion And Prominence, Is The Richest And Most Important Of The ...