That a nation resembles an individual in being formed of certain elements is undoubted. Social, psycho-physical and physical traits are present in each aggregate whole. One is a unit as the other is a unit. Individuals are units marked off and differentiated from each other by racial and national barriers, possessing, however, common intellectual, emotional, moral and physical faculties, therefore, participating in culture and civilization as a whole and ex pressing art, religion and literature.
The physical characteristics in forming the basis for classification of all mankind in great stocks, or varieties, or races, divide men into color classifications as, for instance, Deniker's division of white, yellow, reddish brown and black-skinned strains. Furthermore, hair may be straight, slanlc, wavy, spiral, frizzy, curly, woolly or fleece-like. It may be long or short. The color may range from pale blond through the ruddy shades to jet black. The correlations of body height and head index added to color defines racial characteristics more narrowly. Head index of all body characteristics the least changed under the mutable conditions of en vironment gives the final stamp to racial dis tinctions in its dolichocephalic and brachy cephalic classifications.
Hair, skin, eyes, stature and head index are characteristics common to all men and on these points Europe, Africa, Asia and America can be classified. Over these continents are dis tributed the white, yellow, red and black skinned races — black in Africa, red in Amer ica, yellow in Asia and white in Europe. The low-statured, black-haired Esquimau may re semble the yellow-skinned Japanese in some points of classified likeness, yet that they should radically differ from the red-skinned American Indian or the black-complexioned African of New Caledonia bespeaks the existence of dis tinct marks which may be taken as represent ative of the continuity of a certain set of ele ments persisting generation after generation in spite of the passage of the years — which is essentially race in unit.
Sergi in classifying races principally accord ing to cephalic index recognizes the Mediter ranean district as the centre of dispersion of the European races, and consequently divides mankind into the Eurafrican and Eurasian accordingly as the races have made their home in Africa and Europe, or Asia and Europe. Subordinately Eurafrican stock is divided into two varieties, Mediterranean and Nordic. Eurafrican and Eurasian varieties are desig nated by Ripley Teutonic and Alpine Mediter ranean. The Teutonic type is white-skinned, blond-haired, blue-eyed, narrow of head and tall of stature; the Alpine type is white-skinned, brown-haired, bluish-gray-eyed, round of head and mediumly tall; and the Mediterranean type is olive-skinned, dark-haired, dark-eyed, long of head and mediumly tall. These latter three racial strains form the centre of world activity at the present. Anglo-Saxon Teutons colon ized and together with Alpines and /vIediter raneans, reared and superimposed a state struc ture upon the red-skinned racial base of the North American continent. Mediterranean Spaniards, Portuguese and other Europeans have peopled the southern American continent.
Dark-skinned Africans, chocolate-colored dwellers of the Pacific and slant-eyed inhabit ants of the Celestial Empire are all pushed into obscurity by the battling pre-eminence of Teutons, Alpines and Mediterraticans.
The old law of conflict, savage tribe exerting its will on another savage tribe, is illustrated in subordination of one nation by another, of ris ing and falling powers, of destinies that wax and wane. In primitive form the subordination is physical, in the civilized it is ethnological, for language and customs are imposed instead of brute force.
Thus have the nations shifted, till to-day instead of unbroken areas of savage. tribe, primitive hordes or the embryo state-formation of village life there are crystallized units pos sessing a common language, common creed and inspired by identical ideals of statehood. The fact that a people is thus massed together produces a certain unity — thus it is possible to speak of °the English>) as a unit and mean a, definite type. That the original Britons were dark and small of stature is generally supposed. after the dawn of history these primitive char-, acteristics came to be identified with the traits of traders and invaders who visited the island, but who, anthropologically, were hardly im portant. Danes and later, Normans, were in vaders, but unlike the Romans they changed the anthro-ethnological type of Britain, for they came to settle and perpetuate the race. The significance of this contact between two. rep resentative strains of the Teutonic stock should not be disregarded, for in it are per haps to be discovered dynamic elements which were to contribute to the eventual rise to world power and physical superiority of one of the participating nations. The Normalizing of English affected language, government, church and nobility. The Norman Conquest is really the birth of England because it was the last of the invasions and paved the way for the working out of the homogeneity of a people. A state is based on homogeneity of race, com pactness of territorial possession, religious co hesion and stability of government. But it is men who in the last analysis make a state, and when through the consciousness of the members of a state there runs a consciousness of kind, a feeling of like-mindedness and a sense of brotherhood, a state is evolved. Upon the utilitarian character of the Briton has been built the great structure of England's command ing position in the world arena. Commercialism, based upon domestic security and an adequate financial foundation, has resulted in a growth of invention rapid enough to settle great indus trial problems and a scientific outlook keen enough to maintain a trade which brooks no rival. The statehood behind all this is a state with a policy of common sense and resolution. England, unlike un-Teutonic countries, has made no great contribution to the heart of religion, she has rather contributed to the think ing powers of religion. Criticism and good taste are English churchly attributes. These qualities likewise characterize the Briton in art and literature, that is, cosmopolitanism.