France and Russia may serve to represent the second or Alpine race. Unlike in some anthropologic, ethnographic and sociologic respects, these nations nevertheless have cer tain bonds in common. In regard to the anthropologic type, there is a likeness of com ponents rather than of wholes, for it is to certain strains in one that the other agrees. As to historic evidence of the men who lived early in Gaul and on the Russian plains, it may be said that Gaul was inhabited by what in eth nology are called Celts, broad-headed indi viduals who were medinmly tall; in Caesar's first conquest of the Gauls he found such men called Belgae, Gauls and Iberians, and Tacitus wrote of the Scythian living in the Car pathian Mountains. But both of these Alpine districts were also to be intermixed with Teu tonic strains, France with the Burgundians, Visigoths and Franks, and Russia with the Swedes migrating from the north and touch ing Novgorod on their itinerant trail to Con stantinople. Consequently, to-day Teutonic ele ments are found in both the Russian and French nations.
But it was long before, the evolution of the finished French and Russian states that these events took place, and in the East the mixture was destined to become increased to a yet greater extent before the real Russian nation was evolved. The early history of Russia is briefly told: the patriarchial family, the growth of the towns, the rise of the early cities of Kiev and Moscow, the growing power of the Coyars and of the princes, and the final concentration of power in one prince at Moscow, constitute the account. Early history thus politically told must also note the great anthropologic changes which have played a role in Muscovite history, that is, the Finnish and Tatar inroads which have been made upon Russian unity. Finns from the north came down to what is now known as Letto Lithuania. Tatars from the East, Chinese Tatary, sweeping over the im mense Russian plains, brought an Asiatic in fluence which was to affect Russia, but socio logically and ethnographically more than anthropologically.
Foreign traits thus contributing to disposi tion, character and type of mind distinguish the Russian people from the Teutons on one side and from their fellow Celts, the French, on the other.
The French type is convivial in character and creative in disposition. The French social traits of hospitality, desire to please, humor and extravagance show their conviviality. These character traits are governed and held in check by the creative power in the French disposition, which seeks thrift and the adapt ability of means toward end. Furthermore, in
the sphere of morals the possession of a dis tinct power, the will, distinguishes French from Russian personality. It is will power applied to the vanquishing of acceptable odds, however, rather than to the overturning of repelling obstacles. The rationalism of the Teuton is absent. Intellectually, thinking ap proaches the Latin or Mediterranean type, for it is deductive. Unlike the Saxon common sense thinking, there is a tendency to intel lectualize for intellect's own sake which verges upon the dreaminess of the South.
Although all the western districts border ing the Mediterranean Sea repeat the Mediter ranean type, it is to Italy particularly that we look for the greatest historical and cultural manifestations of this type. And yet Italy it self constitutes an anthropological problem. By whom was it peopled and how was it settled? Many theories are offered in explana tion. Three contrasting theories of original Italian type have been advanced. The Teutonic Aryan has been said to be the foundation type, also the Scythian or Slavic origin has been suggested, but Sergi holds to an original Mediterranean type.
Physically the Mediterranean figure pos sessing a dolichocephalic head index, short stature and dark hair and eyes is accepted as the usual Italian individual. Italian disposition is a combination of the aggressive and instiga tive — aggressive as old Rome was aggressive and instigative as have been the cabals and political intrigues from the days of Lorenzo the Magnificent to the modern age. In char acter as well as in disposition the Italian person ality is a compound of two blends, austere and convivial — austere as were the old law-making administrative magistrates, convivial as the beauty-loving Italian is convivial. As Italian disposition and character are complex so is the type of mind. The calm, appraising quality of Italian judgment is combined with the hot impulsiveness of emotion, a combina tion which makes the Italian a past master in the art of revenge, vengeance, cabal and in trigue. As with 'all Latins, so with Italians, commerce plays a subordinate role to art. It is in the sphere of emotion, morals and intel lect that Italy has won her great sociological achievements, namely, art and the Church. More productive in the realm of art than the Celt, and more productive in the realm of religion than the Teuton, the Mediterranean personality yet falls behind •the Teuton in creative expression of governmental talents.