chief changes in Italian terri tory consist of the addition of certain territory, formerly the sourhwest part of Austria and in cluding the important port of Trieste; also' a fring'e of islands and mainland coast on the eastern frontage of the Adriatic, formerly a part of Hungary but having a large Italian population. The details as to the area or popu lation gained by Italy are not yet sufficiently determined to render possible an exact state ment, Ahough apparently the territory added approximately 18,000 square miles with a popu lation of 2,000,000. Late in 1919, the former Hungarian port of' Fiume, claimed by Jttgo Slavia, was occupied by a military force Com posed of Italians, but the Italian government stated that the action was not by its authority. Later, however, the government announced its intention to occupy the city and adjacent area; pending a settlement of permanent control by plebiscite or otherwise. The importance to Italy of the territory from Aus tria and Hungary lies largely in the control which it gives her of the Adriatic frontage at the head of that gulf and the fringe of is/ands and mainland along its eastern shore.
Belgiton.---.The changes in Belgian territory are extremely small and consist chiefly of the settlement in her favor of the long-pending. question of the control of the town of Mores net, a tiny territory of about one and one-half square miles on the borders of Belgium and Prussia, four miles southwest of Aix-la Chapelle. The three townie's of Moresnet lie Ofelse' fo Aix-la-Chapelle, one being Prussian Moresnet, the second Belgian, and thc third neutral. The last named, which has a popu lation of some 2,800, owes its origin to the European settlement of 1815. Between 1816 and 1841 it was administered by Prussia and Belgium jointly. But since 1841 neutral Mores net has been independent, being governed by a council of 10 members with a burgomaster at its head. The control of this disputed area now passes absolutely to Belgium.
Grecce.—Greecc gains a considerable area of Turkish territory in Anatolia, in Asia Minor, just across the fEgean from her eastern border, including Smyrna and the adjacent sec tion in which there are many representatives of her own population. No definite announce ment has yet been made as to the boundaries of the arca which will be assigned to her or its population. Whether the territory at the head of the 2Fgean will be attached to Greece is not yct determined.
Rumania.— Rumania gains largely- in area and population through the absorption of the eastern section of Hungary, which was occu pied by people speaking the Rumanian language, including the important section of Hungary known as Transylvania, also the Russian terri tory of Bessarabia on the Black Sca, also a considerable area of interior Hungary. No definite figures can be given as to her increase in either area or population, though from latest indications the present area of Rumania is about double that prior to the war, and absorbed chiefly from Hungary.
Japan took forcible possession in the early part of the war of the Marshall, Ladrone and Caroline Islands and the German colony of Kiao-chau, on the coast of China, and still retains control thereof. The peace
treaty gives her a "mandate" over the islands in question and also passes to her all rights re garding railways, mines and cables which had been granted by China to Germany. This, while protested by the Chinese government, will if it becomes effective give to japan extremely valuable exclusive privileges in the important Chinese province of Shantung and probably in other provinces of China.
The lo,,ses by the Central Powers may be outlined as follows: Germany's hisses on the West, as outlined by the Peace Treaty, consist of the Alsace-Lorraine territory- and the Saar coal mines, already described. She must also give full recognition to the Belgian claim of Mores net. To Poland on the East, Germany is re quired to cede the greater part of Upper Silesia, Posen and the province of West Prussia on the left bank of the Vistula, while in regard to East Prussia, which becomes a German island surrounded by Polish territory, a plebiscite is to determine the ultimate frontier. Danzig and the district adjacent thereto is to be constituted the °Free State of Danzig" under the guar anty of the League of Nations, but to be included within the Polish customs frontier, and Poland is to have the use of the eitv's docks and waterways. Germany inust also con cede to Poland the privilege of railroad com munication across German territory to Danzig, and Poland must in turn grant similar privi leges to Germany acrOSS the POliSti territory between East Prussia and Germany. On the Northwest the people of North Schleswig and those of a part of Central Schleswig are to be given the privilege of determining the return of their terntory to Denmark or the retention of German control, and the fortifications of Heligoland are to be destroyed. Parts of the Elbe, Danube, Oder and Niemen rivers are to be internationalized, and the Kiel Canal is to be opened to the merchant shipping of all nations at peace with Germany. She is also required to lease to the Republic of Czecho Slovakia for a period of 99 years certain areas in the harbors of Hamburg and Stettin as free zones. As a guaranty for the execution of the treaty, the German territory west of the Rhine, together with the bridgeheads, is to be occu pied by the Allied and associated troops for 15 years. Germany's losses of area are in gen eral terms: to France, abOut 6,000 square miles and 2,000,000 • ople; to Poland, 30,000 square miles and 6,111,000 people. She loses about 15 per cent of her fortner area and about 10 per cent of her population, to say nothing of the loss of the Saar coal mines or of her colonie_s and dependencies in Africa, Asia and the Pacific with an area of about 1,000,000 square miles and a population of about 12,000, 000. The new form of g-overnment is a repub lic with a president to be elected by the whole German people for a term of seven years. Its operations In the first year were characterized by the adoption of socialistic laws and regula tions, especially in control of basic industries.