Bridge
Bridge, A Game Of Cards, Originally Known As "bridge Whist." The Game Is Prob Ably Of Eastern Origin, Similar To The Turkish And Egyptian "khedive." In Russia'it Is Known As And Under The Name Of "russian Whist" Or "bridge," It Became Popular In Lon Don About 1894. There Are Two ...
Bridge
Bridge. In Its Broadest Sense, The Term Signifies Any Kind Of Ah Independent Connecting Structure. Specifically, It Designates A Struc Ture Erected For The Purpose Of Continuing A Roadway Over A Stream, Valley Or Any Other Natural Or Artificial Obstruction Without Closing The Way Beneath As With An Embankment. The ...
Bridge Designs
Bridge Designs, Railway. Bridges Have Been In Use From Prehistoric Times. Even The Scientific Forms, Now Looked Upon As Most Modern, Were Developed In A Crude Way By The Ancients, Timber Cantilever Structures Being Built By The Chinese In The Time Of Confucius. Bridge Design, Of Necessity, Continued In An ...
Bridge Shops And Shop
Bridge Shops And Shop Prac Tice. The Working Plant Of A Bridge Build Ing Company Is Composed Of Shops And Depart Ments So Arranged In Their Relation To Each Other That The Movement Of The Material Handled By Them Is Continuous And In One Direc Tion — The Rough Material ...
Bridgeport
Bridgeport, Conn., City, Port Of Entry And County-seat Of Fairfield County, On Long Island Sound. And On The New York, New Haven And Hartford Railroad, 54 Miles North East From New York City, 17 Miles Southwest From New Haven. It Is The Second City In The State In Population. The ...
Bridger
Bridger, Janice, Trader, Explorer, Scout Andguide; B. Richmond, Va., 1806; D. Washing Ton, Jackson County Mo., 1881. In 1820, At The Age Of 16 He Was Already Known As A Scout And Successful Hunter, And Was Soon Admitted As A Partner In The Rocky Mountain Fur Company, Which He Furnished ...
Bridges
Bridges, Lift. Among Movable Bridges The So-called Lift Bridges Claim A Constantly Increasing Importance, Especially In Locations When The Waterways Are Narrow, And The Popu Lation Congested. In Such Circumstances They Are In Many Cases Supplanting The Existing Swing Bridges. The Chief Advantages Which Lift Bridges Possess Over Swinging Bridges ...
Bridgman
Bridgman, Laura Dewey, American Blind Deaf-mute: B. Hanover, N. H., 21 Dec. 1829; D. 24 May 1889. She Was A Bright, In Telligent Child, But At Two Years Of Age Her Sight, Hearing And Smell Were Entirely De Stroyed By Fever. Yet She Learned To Find Her Way About The ...
Brieche De Roland
Brieche De Roland, Bresh De 'the Breach Of Roland,'" A Defile In The Pyre Nees, Between France And Spain, Which, Accord Ing To A Well-known Legend, Was Opened Up By Roland, One Of The Paladins Of Charlemagne, With One Blow Of His Sword Durandal, In Order To Afford A Passage ...
Brief
Brief (from The Latin Brevis, Short), A Brief Or Short Statement Or Summary, Particu Larly The Summary Of A Client's Case Which The Solicitor Draws Up For The Instruction Of Coun Sel. In American Practice A Brief Is An Abridged Statement Of A Party's Case. It Should Give The Names ...
Brieux
Brieux, Bre-é, Eugene, French Drama Tist: B. Paris 1858. He Became A Journalist And Ultimately Drifted Into Play-writing In 1890 With (ménage D'artistes,' Which At Once Became Very Popular: Previous To This He Had Made Several More Or Less Unsuccessful Efforts In This Field. After His First Success (at The ...
Brigands
Brigands, A Name 'first Given During The Imprisonment Of King John In Paris (1358) To The Mercenaries Who Held The City, And Whose Misbehavior Rendered Them Obnoxious. Frois Sart Applied It To A Kind Of Irregular Foot Sol Diery, From Whom It Was Transferred To Simple Robbers. It Is Now ...
Bright
Bright, John, English Statesman And Orator: B. Greenbank, Rochdale, Lancashire, 16 Nov. 1811; D. 27 March 1889. His Father, Jacob Bright, Who Belonged To A Quaker Family Originally Connected With Wiltshire, Migrated To Rochdale Early In The Century, And There Established Himself As A Cotton-spinner And Man Ufacturer. John Bright, ...
Bright Eyes
Bright Eyes (susette La Flesche), Omaha Indian Writer And Lecturer : B. Nebraska, 1850; D. Lincoln, Neb., 1902. She Was The Eldest Child Of Eshtamaza Or Joseph La Flesche, A Former Head-chief Of The Omaha Indians. She Attended The Presbyterian Mission School On The Omaha Reservation, And Through The Interest ...
Brill
Brill, Abraham Arden, American Physi Cian And Writer Upon Psycho-analysis: B. Aus Tria, 1874. He Came To America While A Small Boy, And Received The Degree Of Ph.b. At New York University In 1901, And That Of M.d. At Columbia In 1903. He Was An Assistant In The Clinic Of ...
Brindisi
Brindisi, Brin'de-se (ancient Brun Dusiui4 ), A Seaport And Fortified Town In The Province Of Leece In Southern Italy, Situated On A Small Promontory In A Bay Of The Adriatic Sea, 45 Miles East-northeast Of Taranto. In Ancient Times Brundusium Was One Of The Most Important Cities Of Calabria. It ...
Brinvilliers
Brinvilliers, Bran-ve-ya, Marie Madeleine Marguerite D'aubray (mar Quise De), French Poisoner: B. Paris, About 1630; Executed 16 July 1676. She Was The Daughter Of A Civil-lieutenant Of Paris, And Married In 1651 The Marquis Of Brinvilliers. About 1659 The Marquis Introduced To His House A Young Cavalry Officer, Named Godin ...
Briquettes
Briquettes, A Form Of Fuel Artificially Molded From Coal Dust And Fragments, Peat Powder, Lignite, Etc., With The Addition Of Some Combustible Binding Material. The Coal Waste Or Slack Is First Washed And Then Dried In A Rotating Drum At A Temperature Ranging Up To 500° F., Until Not More ...
Brisbane
Brisbane, Six Thomas Macdougall, Scottish General And Astronomer: B. Brisbane, Near Largs, The Seat Of His Family, 23 July 1773 D. There, 27 Jan. 1860. He Entered The Army And In 1793 Took Part In All The Engagements Of The Campaign In Flanders. In 1796 He Was Sent To The ...
Brisbane_2
Brisbane, The Capital Of The Colony Of Queensland, Australia, On The Brisbane River, About 25 Miles By Water From Its Mouth In Moreton Bay, And About 500 Miles North Of Sydney. It Was Named In Honor Of Sir Thomas Brisbane (q.v.). Of The Four Parts Into Which The Town Is ...
Brissot De Warville
Brissot De Warville, Jean Pierre, French Political Writer, And One Of The Leaders Of The Girondists (q.v.) : B. Ouarville, Near Chartres, 14 Jan. 1754; D. Paris, 30 Oct 1793. He Took The Name D'ouarville, Which He After Ward Anglicized Into De Warville, From The Village Of Ouarville Where He ...
Bristol
Bristol, England, A City And Seaport, Situated Partly In Gloucestershire, Partly In Somerset, But Forming A County In Itself. It Stands On The Confluence Of The Rivers Avon And From; Whence The Avon Pursues A Course Of Nearly Seven Miles To The Severn. The Avon Is A Navigable River And ...
Bristol Earthenware
Bristol Earthenware. Records Show An Active Pottery Existed At Bristol, Eng Land, Late In The 13th And Another In The 16th Century. The Oldest Known Piece Of Bristol Pottery Existing Is Dated 1703. Richard Frank Ran A Delft Works, At Redcliffe Bank, Till 1777, And Joseph Ring (from 1784) Continued ...
Bristol Porcelain
Bristol Porcelain. Richard Champion, Of Bristol, In 1770, Was Producing Porcelain From °cornish Stone° Under Cook Worthy's (see Ptvbeount) Patent In The Firm Name Of Cookworthy & Co. He Purchased The Patent Outright In 1773. The Patent Expiring, He Obtained An Extension (after Wedgwood S Contest In Parliament), But Aims ...
British Association For The
British Association For The Advancement Of Science, A Society First Organized In I831, Mainly Through The Exertions Of Sir David Brewster. Its First Meeting Was Held At York. 27 Sept. 1831. Its Objects Described In The Preamble To The Rules Of The Association Are: Ato Give A Stronger Impulse And ...
British Columbia
British Columbia, The Most West Erly Province Of The Dominion Of Canada, Lies On The Pacific Ocean, And Has A Series Of Coast Line Fiords Or Passages Unexcelled On Any Shore In The World. The Province Extends From South To North From Lat. 49° N. To Lat. 60° N. Its ...
British Empire
British Empire, The Aggregation Of States, Self-governing Dependencies Colonies, Dependenes And I Protectorates Which Is Subject In The Last Resort To The British Parliament. Officially It Was Not Entitled To The Name Till 1876, When Queen Victoria Assumed The Title Empress Of India; But The Term Was In Current Use ...
British Museum
British Museum, A National Deposi Tory Of Science, Literature And Art, In London, Which Owes Its Origin To The Will Of Sir Hans Sloane, An Eminent Physician And Naturalist, Who, Dying In 1753, Bequeathed To The Nation His Collection Of Medals And Coins, Antiquities, Seals, Cameos, Drawings And Pictures, And ...
British North Borneo
British North Borneo. British North Borneo Comprises The North Ern Tip Of The Island Of Borneo — A Triangular Area Of About 31,100 Square Miles. Along Its Base It Has Brunei On The Southwest And The Eastern Division Of Dutch Borneo On The South East. A Large Part Of The ...
British West Indies
British West Indies, Diplomatic Relations With. American Interests In The West Indies, Which Began Through Trade Before The Revolution, Were Increased Later By Acqui Sitions Bordering On The Gulf Of Mexico In A Period Of The Steadily Increasing Interests Of Great Britain, Which Had The Advantage Of Naval Control. The ...
Brittle Star
Brittle Star, Also Called Snake Star, And Sand Star, A Member Of The Order Of Ophiuroidea, Class Asteroidea, Of The Phylum Echinodermata (q.v.), A Class Of Star Fish-like Echinoderms. It Is Characterized By The Body Forming A Flattened Disc, With Cylin Drical Arms, The Stomach Not Extending Into The Arms, ...
Britton
Britton, John, English Archaeologist : B. 7 July 1771; D. London, 1 Jan. 1857. In 1787 He Came To London, And Was Employed For Six Years As Cellarman In The Jerusalem Tavern, Clerkenwell, And Afterward Served In The Same Capacity In The London Tavern. He Next Entered The Employment Of ...
Broca
Broca, Bro-lca, Pierre Paul, French Sur Geon And Anthropologist: B. Sainte Foy-la Grande, Department Of The Gironde, 28 June D 1824; D. Paris, 9 July 1880. In 1841 He Began The Study Of Medicine At Paris, Became Hospital Surgeon In 1844, Anatomical Assistant In The Faculty Of Medicine In 1846, ...
Brochs
Brochs, Brows, Class Of Edifices Peculiar To Scotland, Particularly In The Northern Coun Ties, Including Orkney, Shetland And The West Ern Isles, More Than 300 In All Being Known. A Broth Is A Hollow Circular Tower Of Dry-built Masonry, Rarely More Than 70 Or Less Than 40 Feet In Total ...
Brock
Brock, Sat Isaac, English Soldier, Ethe Hero Of Upper Canada": B. Guernsey, 6 Oct. 1769; D. Queenston, Canada, 13 Oct. 1812. He Was Educated At Southampton And Rotterdam, And Entered The Army As Ensign In The 8th Regiment In 1785. In 1791 He Transferred To The 49th Infantry, With Which ...
Brockhaus
Brockhaus, Brolc'hows, Friedrich Arnold, German Publisher, Founder Of The Publishing Firm Of Brockhaus In Leipzig: B. Dortmund, 4 May 1772; D. Leipzig, 20 Aug. 1823. He Was Educated At The Gymnasium Of His Native Town, And In 1793 Went To Leipzig, Where He De Voted Two Years To The Acquisition ...
Broker
Broker (lat. Abrocator, Perhaps From The Saxon Abroccon, To Break Up, From Which Is Derived Abbroaclunent,* The Breaking Up Of Goods Or Selling At Retail). The Early Use Of This Term Designated A Retailer Of Goods, Gen Erally Supposed To Belong To Another Person, And Hence Applied To Any One ...
Bromine
Bromine, A Non-metallic Element. Bol Br; Atomic Weight, 79.4 For H =1, Or 80.0 For 0=16. Bromine Was Discovered In 1826 By Balard, In The Salts Obtained By The Evapora Tion Of Sea Water. Bromine Is Not Found In An Uncombined Form In Nature But Exists As A Constituent In ...
Bronchitis
Bronchitis (gk. Bronchia, The Bron Chial Tubes + Itis, A Suffix Denoting Inflamma• Tion), Inflammation And Catarrh Of The Bron Chi. It Occurs In Various Forms In Each Of Which The Bronchitis May Be Acute Or Chronic. It May Also As Acute Or Chronic Be A Primary Condition, Known As ...
Bronte
Bronte, Charlotte, Mrs. Gaskell's Life Of. The Best Biography Of Charlotte Bronte Is That By Mrs. Gaskell (elizabeth Cleghorn Ste Venson). It Maintains Its High Place In English Literature By Virtue Of Many Qualities. It Is Not Often That A Biography Is Written By One So Thoroughly Able To Understand ...
Bronte
Bronte, Charlotte, Emily And Anne, English Novelists. Their Father, Patrick Bronte (1777-1861), Belonged To A Family Of Irish Prot Estants Named Prunty Or Brunty. He Was Born In The Village Of Emdale, In County Down, Ire Land. By Schoolmastering He Earned Money Enough To Take Him To The University Of ...
Bronze
Bronze, In Its Strictest Sense, Is A Solid Solution Of Tin In Copper. As Generally Used The Term Signifies Any Alloy Consisting Of Propor Tions Of Copper And Tin, Varying According To The Purpose Desired, To Which Lead, Zinc, Alumi Num, And Silver Also, Are Sometimes Added For The Purpose ...
Bronze Age
Bronze Age, The Period Represented By Archeologists As Intervening Between The Stone Age And The Iron Age, When Weapons, Utensils And Implements Were, As A Rule, Made Of Bronze. The Demarcations Of These Periods, However, Are Far From Being Clearly Defined And Overlap To Some Extent. The Use Of Stone ...
Bronze Steel
Bronze Steel, The Name Originally Given To The Metal Obtained By The Process Of General Von Uchatins Of The Austrian Army, Which Process Consists Of Casting Bronze In A Chill-mold And Forging It Cold. In The Casting Process Hardness Is Increased And This Has The Effect Of Placing The Interior ...
Bronze And Brass Work
Bronze And Brass Work. There Is A Strong Tendency At Present To Obliterate, Or To Regard As Merely Nominal, The Distinction Be Tween These Two Alloys. As A Matter Of Fact, They Approximate Each Other In Composition, And To A Considerable Extent Overlap In Uses. The Following Table, Published In ...
Bronzes
Bronzes. The Art Of Bronze-casting Was Known In Very Early Times To The Assy Rians, Babylonians, Hindoos, Persians, Chinese And Japanese. Egyptian Bronze Work Dates Back To The 3d Dynasty (4900 Ac.); The Bronze Was A Natural Not Artificial Alloy. By 1600 B.c Artificial Bronze Was In Common Use On ...
Brook Farm
Brook Farm, A Community Organized In 1841 Near West Roxbury, Mass. • Under The Leadership Of George Ripley And His Wife, An Association Was Formed With A Few Stockholders And A Farm Of 200 Acres Was Purchased. Among The Members Of This Association Were Nathaniel Hawthorne, Charles A. Dana, John ...
Brooke
Brooke, Stopford Augustus, English Clergyman And Huthor: B. Letterkenny, Donegal, Ireland, 14 Nov. 1832; D. Ewhurst, Surrey, Eng Land, 18 March 1916. After A Brilliant Course' At Trinity College, Dublin, He Was Ordained In The Anglican Church In 1857. From That Year Till 1859 He Officiated As Curate Of Saint ...
Brookline
Brookline, Mass., Town In Norfolk County, On The Charles River, And The Boston & A. Railroad; Three Miles West Of Boston, With Which It Is Connected By Electric Railroad. It Contains The Villages Of Cottage Farm, Long Wood And Reservoir Station, And Has A Granite Town House, Public Library (80,000 ...
Brooks
Brooks, Phillips, American Protestant Episcopal Bishop: B. Boston, Mass., 13 Dec. 1835; D. There, 23 Jan. 1893. He Inherited The Best Traditions Of New England History, Being On The Paternal Side The Direct Descendant Of John Cotton, And His Mother's Name, Phillips, Standing For High Learning And Distinction In The ...
Broom
Broom, Various Shrubs Of The Closely Allied Genera Genista, Cytisus And Spartium, Of The Family Fabacece, Natives Mostly Of The Warm And Temperate Parts Of The Old World. The Name Is Applied Only To Species Which Have Long, Slender Twigs And Numerous Axillary Flowers. Genista Monosperma, A Spanish And North ...
Brothers Of The Christian
Brothers Of The Christian Schools, Commonly Called Christian Brothers. This Is A Society Of Men Belonging To The Roman Catholic Church Who Devote Themselves Exclusively To The Education Of Youth. The Society Was Founded In 1680 By Jean Baptiste De La Salle, Canon Of The Metro Politan Church Of Rheims, ...
Brougham
Brougham, Bro-am, Henry (baron Brougham And Vaux ), British Statesman And Jurist: B. Edinburgh, 19 Sept. 1778; D. Cannes, 7 May 186& His Father, Henry Brougham, Belonged To An Old Westmoreland Family, And His Mother, Eleonora Syme, Was A Niece Of Robertson The Historian. He Was Educated At The High ...
Broughton
Broughton, Lord (john Ca/4 Hon Nouse), Baron, English Statesman And Writer: B. Near Bristol, 27 June 1786; D. London, 3 June 1869. He Was Educated At Westminster School And Trinity College, Cambridge, Whence He Was Graduated B.a. In 1808, And M.a. In 1811. He Was An Intimate Friend Of Lord ...
Broussais
Broussais, Broo'sis', Francois Joseph Victor, French Physician: B. Saint Malo, 17 Dec. 1772; D. 17 Nov. 1838. Educated At The College Of Dinan, He Entered The Army And Soon Attained The Rank Of Sergeant; But A Severe Ill Ness Caused Him To Give Up A Military Career And Devote Himself ...
Brousson
Brousson, Claude, French Martyr: B. Nimes 1647; D. Montpellier, 4 Nov. 1698. He Was Educated For The Law, And Practised As An Advocate First At Castres And Castelnaudary, And Afterward In The Parliament Of Toulouse, Where The Protestants, To Whom He Belonged, Were Oftrn Indebted To Him For The Zeal ...
Brown
Brown, Charles Brockden, American Novelist: B. Philadelphia, 17 Jan. 1771; D. 22 Feb. 1810: He Descended From A Family Of Quakers, Was Remarkable In His Childhood For His Attachment To Books, And At The Age Of 16, After Having Received A Liberal Education At The School Of Robert Proud, An ...
Browne
Browne, Silt Thomas, English Prosaist, Scholar And Physician : B. 19 Oct. 1605, London, Parish Of Saint Michael, Cheapside; D. Norwich, 19 Oct. 1682. His Father, Who Had Been A Mer Cer At Upton, In Cheshire, And Came Of An Ancient And Honorable Family, Died Early; And Browne's Mother Soon ...