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Encyclopedia Americana, Volume 9

N H Dover
Dover, N. H., City And County-seat Of Strafford County, 11 Miles By Rail Northwest Of Portsmouth, At The Head Of Minor Navigation On The Cocheco River, And On The Boston And Maine Railroad. The City Has Fine Power Fa Cilities Derived From The Cocheco River, Which Here Has Falls Over ...

Norbert Wiener
Norbert Wiener, Editorial Staff Of The Americana. Duty (customary Taxes; In The Constitu Tional Struggles Of Mediaeval England, So Claimed By The Sovereigns As Of Ancient Usage And Allowance), A Tax Or Impost Levied On The Exports And Imports Of A State Or District. Apparently, They Were At First Port ...

Physical Properties Op The
Physical Properties Op The Earth. The Adopting The Conven Ient Terminology Of Geologists, The Earth May Be Divided Into Four Parts, Namely: The Atmosphere; The Hydrosphere, Or Oceans; The Lithosphere, Or Crust; And The Centrosphere, Or Nucleus. These Are Considered In Turn Without Encroaching On The Fields Of The Meteorologist ...

Sci Ence And Industry
Drexel Institute Of Art, Sci Ence And Industry Was Founded At Philadelphia In 1891, By Anthony J. Drexel (q.v.). This School Was Established For The Purpose Of Young Men And Women Op Portunity To Receive Training In The Arts And Sciences As Applied To The Industries. The Re Quirements For ...

Simeon Dewitt
Dewitt, Simeon, American Patriot And Statesman: B. Wawarsing, Ulster County, N. Y., 26 Dec. 1756; D. Ithaca, N. Y., 3 Dec. 1834. His Father Was A Physician And Descend Ant From A Pioneer Settler, Of Esopus, Tjerck Claessen Dewitt, Who Probably Came From East Friesland. Studied Under Domine Dirck Romeyn ...

Sir Drake
Drake, Sir Francis, English Navigator: B. Probably In Tavistock, Devonshire, England, About 1540; D. Off Porto Bello 28 Jan. 1596. When Very Young, He Served As An Apprentice To A Sea Captain And Later Became A Coast Trader. He Joined Sir John Hawkins In His Last Expedi Tion Against The ...

Support Of Schools
Support Of Schools. The Munificence Of The Support Given To Public Education In The United States Is As Great A Source Of Amazement To Foreigners As It Is Of Gratification To Americans. We Have Already Described The Generosity Of The Federal Gov Ernment To This Activity, But The Large Sums ...

The Colonial Period
The Colonial Period. History Of Education In The United States. — The Reformation Principle That The Individual Should Be Guided In Life By The Bible Had As An Educational Corollary That He Should At Least Be Taught To Read It. Where The Reformation Was Chiefly A Religious Movement And Was ...

The Colonial Period 1
The Colonial Period 1. The Founding Of Grammar Schools.— The Influences Which Most Vitally Affected The Early Development Of Secondary Education In America Were The Example Of The °grammar Schools' Of England And The Rising Spirit Of Democracy, Which Was Largely Calvinistic In Its Modes Of Thought And Kept In ...

The Douglas Cause
The Douglas Cause. When The Dukedom Became Extinct, The Title Of Marquis Of Douglas And Earl Of Angus Went To The Nearest Heir-male, The Duke Of Hamilton, A Descendant Of The First Marquis Of Douglas. The Estates, However, Did Not Go With The Title, And Their Disposal Formed The Subject ...

The Period From The
The Period From The Revolutionary War To The Civil War. 1. The Founding Of Academies.— As We Ap Proach The Revolutionary Period, We Find New Social Conditions Giving Rise To A New Order Of Schools. With The Growth Of Sectarian Differ Ences There Appeared A Decided Tendency To Ward The ...

The Period Of Transition
The Period Of Transition. The Revolution Had Both A Bad And A Good Effect Upon Education. The War Bankrupted Not Only The Central Government, But Many Of The State Governments. The British Fleet Had Destroyed Colonial Commerce; Its Blockade Had Brought Industry To A Standstill And Thousands Were Reduced To ...

The Public School Revival
The Public School Revival. Massachusetts Established Its State Board Of Education In 1837 And Horace Mann, With Whose Name The Public School Revival Is In Separably Associated, Was Made Its First Sec Retary. As A Result Of His 12 Years Of Service In That Position And By Means Of His ...

The Shape And The
The Shape And The Size Of The Earth. First Approximation.— The Form And The Dimensions Of The Earth Have Presented A Prob Lem Of The Greatest Interest And Difficulty To Men Of Science For More Than 20 Centuries And They Promise To Tax The Resources Of The Ablest Physicists For ...

Trade
Trade, American. The Beginning Of The Dry-goods Trade In America Dates From The Time When The First Colonists Landed Upon American Shores, For It Was Not Long After The First Effort Toward The Settlement Of This Country Was Made That The Demands For Trading Facilities Resulted In The Opening Of ...

Universal Formula
Universal Formula =. Op Materials + Man Costs + Equipment Charges Costs + Tw Ir Materials = Q P In Which Q Is Quantity Of Units And P Is Price Per Unit. Personnel = Tw In Which T Is Total Hours Of Work Of All Men For The Period And ...

Very Bad Conditions And
Very Bad Conditions And An Averaged Group Of Men. Average Attainment 10 Per Cent. Each Individual Starts Along The Life Line Ad At A. Some Get No Farther Than 1, Others Progress As Far As Z Still Others Press On Tu Higher Positions Until The Best Man Of All, A ...

Yield And Value Of
Loads Of Blue Ground Washed, Yield And Value Of Diamonds From The De Beers Group Of Mines, From To 30 June 1917. • Loads Of Blue Ground Carats Of Washed Diamonds Value Kimberley And De Bemm (1888 1917). 50,468,869 36,662,783f $302,971,777 Bfesselton (1897 1917). 32,047,389 9,437,008} 86,862,439 Bultfontein (1901 1917).. ...

Or Amylase Diastase
Diastase, Or Amylase, A Substance Belonging To The Group Of Enzymes And Believed To Be Itself A Mixture Of Several Simple Enzymes. It Is Found In Barley, Oats And Other Plants And Also In Animal Tissues. When In Solution It Possesses The Prop Erty Of Causing Starch To Break Up ...

Or Aubergine Guinea Squash
Guinea Squash, Or Aubergine (solanum Melongena), A Plant Of The Family Solauaccz. Its Original Home Is Sup Posed To Be The East Indies, Where It Has Long Been Cultivated And From Whence It Has Been Introduced Into All Tropical Countries And Many Temperate Ones For The Sake Of Its Egg-like ...

Or Deuteronomy
Deuteronomy, Or "re Peated Law,) The Title Applied In Greek, Latin And Modern Versions Of The Old Testament To The Fifth Book Of The Pentateuch (q.v.). The Name Arose From A Mistranslation Of The Phrase 'copy Of Law) (deut. Xvii, 18; Also Josh. Viii, 32), Yet It Has Had In ...

Or Dike Dyke
Dyke, Or Dike, A Word Variously Used To Represent A Ditch Or Trench And Also An Em Bankment, Rampart Or Wall. It Is Specially Applied To An Embankment Raised To Oppose The Incursions Of The Sea Or Of A River, The Dykes Of Holland Being Probably The Most Notable Examples ...

Or Domin Ique Dominica
Dominica, Or Domin Ique, Dom-e-nek', West Indies, An Island In The Northern Half Of The Caribbean Chain Of The Lesser Antilles. (see Awrimes). It Is The Largest Of The British Carribbees, Being 29 Miles Long, 16 Miles Broad, And Having An Area Of 291 Square Miles; It Has Also The ...

Or Donaburg Dvinsk
Dvinsk, Or Donaburg, Russia, A Fortified Town Of Russia, Government Of Vitebsk, On The Diina, 112 Miles Southeast From Riga. It Was Formerly The Capital Of Polish Livonia. It Is Of Great Military Im Portance, Being A Fortress Of The First Class, Carries On A Considerable Trade And Is The ...

Or Donato Di Betto
Donatello, Or Donato Di Betto Bardi, Italian Sculptor: B. Florence, Between 1382 And 1387; D. There, 13 Dec. 1466. By His Character And Genius, By.the Historic Importance And Artistic Quality Of His Work, He Is One Of The Most Original And Grandest Figures Of The Glorious Quattrocento. Since The Preponderat ...

Or Dorpt Dorpat
Dorpat, Or Dorpt (russian Official Name Yuriev, Lettish Tehrpat), Russia, City In The Government Of Livonia, On The Em Bach, About 135 Miles Northeast Of Riga. Dor Pat Is Chiefly Remarkable For Its University, Which Was Founded In 1632 By Gustavus Adol Phus, When The Swedes Were Masters; It Was ...

Or Einhard Eginhard
Eginhard, Or Einhard, In'hard, German Historian : B. East Franconia, Now The Grand Duchy Of Hesse-darmstadt, About 770; D. Seligenstadt, 14 March 840. He Was Educated In The Schools Of The Abbey Of Fulda. When About 25 He Entered The Service Of Charlemagne And Thereafter Was In All Things The ...

Or Father Of Devils
Eblis, Or Father Of Devils, In Arabian Mythology, The Ruler Of The Evil Genii Or Fallen Angels. Before His Fall He Was Called Azazel Or Hharis. When Adam Was Created, God Commanded All The Angels To Worship Him; But Eblis Replied: °me Thou Bast Created Of Smokeless Fire, And Shall ...

Or Friars Preach Ers
Dominicans, Or Friars Preach Ers, Or Preaching Friars (fratres Pradicantes), The Religious Order Founded By Saint Dominic. While Laboring In Provence For The Conversion Of The Albigenses, Dominic Associated To Himself 16 Disciples Eager, Like Himself, To Devote Their Lives To The Work Of Reclaiming Heretics And Ministering To The ...

Or Glacial Drift Drift
Drift, Or Glacial Drift, A General Name Given To The Deposits Made By The Ice Sheets Of The Glacial Period, Or By The Water Which Came From Them. By Some Geologists The Term Is Restricted To The Unsorted Deposits Left By The Ice Itself, The Deposits Worked Over By Water ...

Or Inclination Compass Dipping Needle
Dipping-needle, Or Inclination Compass, An Instrument For Measuring The Magnetic Dip Or Inclination; That Is, The Angle Which A Magnetized Needle, Free To Move In The Plane Of The Magnetic Meridian, And About A Horizontal Axis, Makes With The Horizontal Plane At The Place. 'the Dipping-needle Is A Light Mag ...

Or Malay Archi Pelago
East Indies, Or Malay Archi Pelago, The Double Chain Of Islands Which Extends From The Southeastern Corner Of Asia To The Northern Extremity Of Australia. On The Pacific Side There Are The Islands Of Borneo, Celebes, Buton, Sula Island, Burn, Morotai, Jilolo Or Halmahera, Amboyna, Ceram, Banda, Waigeu, Misol, Salwati ...

Or Military Conscrip Tions
Drafts, Or Military Conscrip Tions, In The History Of The United States, Aside From The Drafts Of The Confederate States Of 18 July 1863, And The Sweeping One Of 17 Feb. 1864, Which Was In Action All Through The Latter Part Of The Civil War —are Those Of 1814, 1863 ...

Or Platypus Duckbill
Duckbill, Or Platypus, An Aquatic Egg-laying Mammal. (ornithorkynchus Para Doss°, Native Of The Sluggish Rivers Of Australia, Papua And Tasmania. Its Entire Length From Tip Of Bill To Tip Of Tail Is Usually Between 18 And 20 Inches. Its Body Is Rather Long And Covered With Glossy Blackish Hair, Close ...

Or Spiny Echidna
Echidna, Or Spiny An Australian Monotreme Animal Of The Family Echidnider Or Tachyglossidce, Closely Related To The Duckbill, But Very Different In Outward Ap Pearance. Echidnas Are Spiny, Porcupine-like Creatures, 12 To 18 Inches Long, With Broad Bodies, Stout Legs Terminating In Large, Strong Claws Well Suited For Digging, And ...

Or Spiritu Ous Liquors
Distilled Liquors, Or Spiritu Ous Liquors, The Alcoholic Beverages Ob Tained By Distillation As Distinguished From The Fermented Liquors, Wine, Beer And Cider, Etc. The Highly Concentrated Alcoholic Liquids Used In Technics, Medicine, Pharmacy, Etc., Are Called Alcoholic Spirits. In The Distilled Liquor Bever Age, Alcohol Is Always The Main ...