Kiirdsi became master of Mysia ; Sard-khan and Aidin reigned each in a part of Lydia; Meuteshe in Curia; Teke in Lycia and Pamphylia ; Harold in Pisidia and Issuria ; Mir:knit!), the most powerful of all, was Lord of Lycaonia, and reigned as Sultan in the city of Kouiah, once the capital of the Scljukisn empire ; Kermitin founded a petty state in northern l'hrygia ; Glum! Chelebi, tho only one among these princes who was descended from the reigning dynasty of the Seljaks, led the life of • pirate at Sinope and llez-aclea on the Black Sea. Another tribe, which had lately arrived in these western countries, had subdued Galatia and Eithynia ; this was the tribe of the Turks Osmanlis.
Turks-Onnanlis.—Sollman-Shali, the son of Kay-alp, the chief of the tribe of the Kiyi, lived In the environs of Ilehin in Khontsdn Is the be:Inning of the 13th century. lie fled before the approach of Gentile-khan. in 1234,and settled with 50,000 of his men iu Ersennin and Akhlddi in Armenia. Seven years later. after Klioniniu aud Khowiresm had been conquered by 'Aldeddlu, the Sultan of the Seljuk. in Konialt, Soliman commenced his return to the steppes of his native country. Crowing the Euphrates near Ja'ber, he was drowned in that river, and his tribe erected a tomb to his memory, which still exists. One part of his tribe continued their march to Khorisia ; another, commanded by Ertoghrul, one of the four sons of Solitnan, resolved to remain In the western countries, and to settle there under the protection of 'Ahianlelln, tho Sultan of Komah. On their march to the west, they saw in a plain two armies preparing for battle; one of them was numerous, the other feeble, hut of warlike appearance. F.rtoghrul resolved to assist the feeble. It was the army of 'Ali-ed-din going to fight with the Mongols; and with Ertoghrul'a assistance the Seljuk, gained the day. 'Alti-ed-din rewarded Erto ghrul with a dress of honour, and gave him and his tribe the fertile pasture-grounds near Angora. Ertoglirul assisted the Sultan in all his wan with the Greeks and the Mongols, and afterwards received the district of Sultan-Cm6, on the frontiers of the dominions of 'Ail ed-din and the Byzantine empire, as a fief, on of defending the frontiers against the invasions of the Byzantmes. Lrtogbrul died In 1233. His successor as chief of the tribe was his son Osman.
[125S-1326.] Osman was the founder of the Turkish empire ; be is the ancestor of the reigning dynasty ; and he has given his name to a numerous and powerful nation. During the life of his father, Osman had signalised himself as an intrepid warrior. His power grew gradually by conquests from the Greeks, and after the death of 'Ala ed-din, who was killed by the Mongols in 1307, from some petty Seljukian princes of Asia Minor. Ten years afterwards he made the conquest of Brum. In 1321 the first Turka-Osmanlia crossed the Bosporus and appeared in sight of Constantinople. At his death, which took place in 1326, he left to his successor, Urkhan, a state which comprehended a considerable part of Bithynia in tho north, Galatia in the east, and Phrygia in the south, the western frontiers of which were the river Sangarius and its southern tributary the Thymbrius.
[1326-1359.] Urkhan was the successor and eldest son of Osman. His reign was signalised by conquests, and by some political and military institutions which have been the groundwork of the Turkish constitution until our days. By advice of his brother, 'Alit-ed-din (the first grand vizir mentioned in the Turkish annals), Urkhan coined money, and ordered the public prayer to be said in his name, which had formerly been pronounced in the name of the Sultan of Koniah ; and thus, assumed two prerogatives which, according to the IsLim, constitute the privilege of majesty. His vassalage to Koniah
was abolished, and the state of the TurksGsmanlis became an inde pendent empire. To secure the rising power of his brother 'Alit-ed din, assisted by the high judge 1Ctirti Khalil Chendereli, he established a standing army long before any such thing was known in Europe. This was the famous body of the Janissaries, a word mutilated by Europeans from the Turkish Yehi-cheri, or 'the new troop.' The new troops decided the victory in the battle of Philocrene, where the emperor Androntcus the younger was entirely defeated by Urkhun and 'AM-cal-din (1330). Tho conquest of Ninea was the fruit of this victory; and six years afterwards the rest of Bithynia and the greater part of Mysia fell Into the hands of the Turks. Niema became the residence of Urkhan. By the first peace concluded between the Osmanli, and the Greeks (1333), the emperor Andronicus surrendered his provinces in Asia which had been conquered by Urkhan. But in 1337 a strong body of Osmanli,' again crossed the Bosporus, com manded by Urkhan, who was the first Turkish sultan that ever put his foot on the soil of Europe. He repeated his predatory expeditions In the following years, till at last the emperor John Cantacuzenus tried to reconcile Urkhan by giving him his daughter in marriage (1316). Hostilities were continued however, and Urkhan's son Solimau, hi 1354, crossed the Dardanelles and surprised the castle of Taympe, now Chinl, near Gallipoli, which from that time remained in the hands of the Turks, who were thus settled in Europe. During the civil troubles between the emperor John Cantacuzenus and his son-In-law John Palseologus, Urkhan seized the castle of Gallipoli, the key of the Isardanellea. Urkhan died in 1359, at the ago of 75 years. Ilia empire was divided Into several provinces, which were governed by pasta., a title derived from the Persian ' pal-shah; which means the foot or chief supporter of the shah. (wen., Cyrop.,' viii. c. 2, 10.) (1359.1389.) Urkhan was succeeded by Ills youuger son Miirad, the elder, Soliman, having lost his life by a fall from his horse. No sooner was Mitred on the throne than ho formed the plau of conquer ing the remaining part of the Byzantine empiro in Europe, and of subduing the Seljukian princes In Asia Minor. In 1301 ho took Adrianople, which he afterwards chose for his residence. In the following year he conquered Philippoll. Tho kings of Hungary, Beanie, Servia, and the prince of Wallachia, formed a league against rad ; but they were totally defeated by the Turks in 1363. After this victory, the greater part of Thrace, Bulgaria, and parts of Mace donia, Themaly, and Epirus fell Into the halls of the victors. In 1336 Milned carried his arms mute Axis, and defeated 'Alit-ed-din, the Seljukian prince of Karamanin, who was compelled to take the oath of vassalage. Meanwhile Lazarus, the kml or king of Servia, who had recovered from his defeat, prepared an attack on the Turkish demiulons, assisted by strong bodies of Bosniak, Bulgarian, Hungarian, Polish, and Wallachian auxiliaries. Although his army was twice as numerous as that of the Turks, he was attacked by Miirad near Koesova, in the southern corner of Servia, in 1389. The allies were routed with dreadful slaughter, and Lazarus was made a prisoner. Miirad received the principal captives iu his tent. Milosh nobilowich, a noble Servian, prostrated himself before the throne, and kissed the feet of the victor; but suddenly he siczed a dagger, which was hidden nutter his clothes, and stabbed Miirad to the heart. Murad ordered King Lazarus to be beheaded in his presence, and then expired on his throne. Servia was now added to the empire of the Turks.