The Porta San Sebastiano, the ancient Porta Appia, presents two fine semicircular towers of brickwork resting on substructions of solid marble. Inside of it is the arch of Drusus.
The Porta San Pancmzio, on the Janiculum, is probably the ancient Porta Janiculenais. Outside the walls between this gate and St. Peter's are the grounds of the Villa Pamfili. It was here the French commenced their operations against Rome in the siege of 1849.
Tombs and the ancient tombs not the least remarkable in the sepulchre of Eurysaces the Baker, which in situated at the junction in Basile of the Via Labicana and the Via Pranestina, close to the monument of the Claudian aqueduct. The tomb of C. Poblicius Bibulus stood originally without the walls of Servius Tullius; it stands now at tho extremity of the Corso, and consists of two stories, one of which is buried in the soil. This monument appears to have been erected prior to the Augustan age. The tomb of the Claudii, a mass of shapeless rubble, stands on the Via Marforio almost opposite the tomb of Bibulus.
The Pyramid of Caius Cestius, constructed in the reign of Augustus, for the ashes of Caius Cestius, and situated near the Porta San Paolo, in a pyramidal mass of masonry covered with slaba of white marble, and in erected on a basement of travertine. In the centre is a small vaulted sepulchral chamber, decorated with arabesques, of which some brilliantly coloured portions remain. At the angles are two Dario fluted columns of white marble placed on pedestals, and on one of two bases which have been discovered, was a bronze foot, which, from an inscription on the base, appears to have belonged to a statue of Caius Cestius.
The Tomb of Scipio is situated on a cross-road connecting the Via Appia and the Via Latina. The chambers are irregularly excavated in the tufa rock, and appear to have been turned into a tomb, having been originally farmed for the purpose of procuring building materials. The ancient entrance consists of a rude arch upon peperino imposts, and appears to have been partly covered with stucco and painted. Over the arch is a stout moulding, upon which there was anciently a second story. Several slabs of marble with inscriptions are attached to the sides of the passages and chambers cut in the tufa. An elegant
sarcophagus of peperino with a bust of the same material were found in one of these chambers, and have been placed in the Vatican.
The Tomb of Connie Metella, constructed an an eminence on the side of the Appian way, a little beyond the Circus of Romulus, and dedicated to the memory of Csecilia Metella, daughter of Quintile Metellus, and wife of Crassus, is round in form, and placed on a square basement constructed with magnificent blocks of travertine. It is surmounted with a beautiful decorated frieze and an elegant cornice, from which most probably rose a dome or a conical-formed roof, now destroyed. In its place there is a battlemented wall, built A.D. 1300, which indicates its change from a sepulchre to a fortress. Iu the time of Paul III. a sarcophagus was found here, which was placed in the tactile of the Farnese palace in Roma.
The Mausoleum of Augustus, constructed by Augustus, between the Via Flaminia and the banks of the Tiber, was destroyed in 1167 in a popular tumult, and became a shapeless ruin. The building was of circular form, 220 Roman feet iu diameter, and was probably domed. Round the inner circumference were thirteen sepulchral chambers and an ample chamber iu the centre. Iu the latter part of the last century the remains of this edifice were turned into an amphi theatre for bull-fights and fireworks. Two obelisks without hierogly phics, which formerly stood at the entrance of the Mausoleum, now adorn the piazza of Santa Maria Maggiore and the QuirinaL The Mausoleum of Hadrian, now called Castle of San Angelo, erected by Hadrian on the right bank of the Tiber, within the gardens of Domitia. This building consists of a circular tower whose present diameter is 188 feet, placed on a quadrilateral basement, each side of which is 253 feet. It was once highly decorated, but no vestiges of the decorative part remain. Procopius, who described it in the 6th century, before it was injured, says it was built of Parian marble, and adorned with statues, both of men and horses, of the same material.