The Arch of Oallienus, upon the site of the Esquiline gate, dedicated to Gallicnus and Salonina, by Marcus Aurelius Victor. The gate is formed of a skeet arch, adorned with four pilasters, and flanked with two buttresses, a part of one of which remains on the aide towards the church of Santa Maria Maggiore. The structure is formed of largo blocks of travertine.
The Arch of Drusna, erected across the Appian Way, close to the gate of St. Sebastian, by the senate, to Claudius Nero Drusus, father of the emperor Claudius. It consists of one arch only, adorned on each side with two marble columns of the Composite order ; above the entabla ture are the remains of a pediment, and there was also an attic. Caracalla used the arch as part of the line of his aqueduct for his Thorn:ire.
The Arch of Janus Quadrifrons, situated in the Velabrum, is square, 105 palms on each face, with a large arch in each front, forming an open vaulted apace. In each of the piers supporting the arch are twelve niches in two rows, between which were email columns as a decoration forming a double order. The construction ie formed of largo blocks of white marble. The upper part Is ruined. The build ing was held by the Frangipani as a fortress.
The Arch of Septimius Severus, situated also in the Velabrum, and close to die A re it e( James, is a small structure highly enriched, and consists of a single opecing, egoism in form. and supported on broad pilasters tiled with oreament. The inscription shows It to have been erected by the heeler( and dealers of the Foram Boarium in honour of hostility' Severna, Jolla Domna his wife, and Camelia.
t1!• —The Column of M. Aurelius Antonlnus, in the Piazza Coloana, Ins been already noticed.
The Osiunon of Antonini's! Pius was (Recovered on the Monte Citorio, in the bona. of the Miamian, in 1709. It was of a sincle piece of red granite, and had a white marble pedestal, now in the Vatican gardens. The grenite shaft, whith was OS Romen palms long, was used to restore the obelisks erected by Pius VI.
The Column of Trajan, formed of 34 pieces of white marble, was erected by Trojan, as a decoration to his groat forum, at the west base of the Quirinal. The height represents the height of the Quirinal cut away and removed for the level into of the foram. This column, admirable both for its proportion and for the design and execution of the 1.111.9• reliefs and ornaments, which are in the beat taste, was the receptacle for the ashes of Trojan. A series of bas-reliefs are round the shaft,
In a spiral, forming a pictorial history of the achievements of the emperor. It is in a high state of preservation. A statue of Se Peter is placed on the pedestal at Its summit, and it is ascended by a spiral staircase.
The Coln ma of Phoess, erected in the Forum Romanum by the exarch Smarten,' to the emperor Phocas A.D. 1308, is a fluted Corinthian column. On the top of the capital there was a gilt statue of the emperor. The pedestal is placed on a flight of steps of bad con struction.
Forwwu.—The forums of Trojan, Nerve, and Augustus were situated between the Quirinal and the Capitoline. The Forum Romanum lay between the Capitoline and the Palatine ; and between the west base of the latter and the Tiber was the Forum Boarium, along the north of which ran the Cloaca Maxima; and to the south,. between the Palatine on the east and the Aventine on the west, was the Circus Maximus. Between the Forum of Augustus and the Forum Romanum the Via Sacra led down from the Capitol in the direction of the Colosseum, to the east of which was the street called Suburra, between the Esquiline and the Cwlien hills. Northward from the Forum of Trojan was the Forum Suarium and the Forum of Antoninus, which lay between the Flaminian Way and the Quirinal. West of the Flaminian Way, and between it and the Tiber, was the Campus Martha and the Flaminian Circus. It has been before stated, that the modern city covers this part of the ancient site, and the position and extent of most of these forums are now all but unknown. The Forum of Nerve is marked by an irregular line of wall, remarkable foe its height and massive masonry of travertine, set without cement. It is highly probable that the wall is much more ancient than the data of the formation of the forum. Through this wall there is an ancient archway with the masonry cut diagonally. Of the Forum of Trojan only the celebrated Column of Trojan and part of the Basilica Ulpia can be seen; the rest of the site is buried under the adjacent street. and houses. Tho columns of the basilica are of gray granite, and have been replaced in their respective situations. The site of the steps and pedestals at their entrance may be distinguished, and numerous fragment. of marble capitals, entahlaturea, and ornaments are ranged round the area.