Many great buildings were erected at Rome during the kingly period. The great temple of Jupiter was on the CapitoL The prison of Tullius, called Career Tullianus, or Maniertmus, was at the eastern foot of the Capitoline. The Circus Maximus was between the Palatine and the Aventine. The Forum Romannin was between the Palatine and Capitoline. The Cloaca Maxima carried the waters of the Velabrum and the Forum Romanum into the Tiber, and is still • stupendous work. Of the wall of Serving Tullius few traces remain ; but it existed in the 8th century of Rome.
About 120 years after the establishment of the republic, when the city was taken by the Gauls, the whole was consumed by fire, with the exception of the Capitol, a few houaes on the Palatine, and some of the works above enumerated, the magnitude of which mead them from destruction. The hasty mode in which the city was rebuilt explains the fact that down to the time of Zero the streets of Rome were narrow, irregular, and crooked, awl, in point of beauty and regularity, Rome was far inferior to moat of the other great towns in Italy. Down to the 5th century of the city, private houses were generally covered with shingles, and there continued to be a number of groves within the walls of the city. But towards the end of the period, which is comprised between the Gallic conflagration and the end of the mooed Punio war, Rome began to be embellished with temples, which however, both as to material and architecture, were far inferior to the temples of Greece. High roads and aqueducts also began to be built. The streets of the city itself were not paved, though we have no reason to suppose that they were neglected. At a somewhat later period we find public places, streets, and walks under the porticoes, commonly paved with large square blocks of tutu or of travertine. In the year B.C. 176, the censors ordered the streets of the city to be paved with blocks of basalt, which were laid on a stratum of gravel, such as is still visible in a pert of the Via Apple. At the time of the war with Hannibal, the district near the river, between the Capitoline and Aventine, was almost entirely covered with buildings.
The private houses had from the earliest times been very simple in structure; but after the conquest of Greece, and more especially of Asia, individuals began to build their dwellings in a magnificent style, and the taste for splendid mansions and palaces increased so rapidly, that • house like that of Creams, which at first was univertally admired for its splendour and magnificence, in the course of a few year. was lost among superior buildings. Public edifices however still remained the chief object& of the pride of the Romans. Theatres were erected in several parts of Rome during the last century of the republic.
During the civil ware between Marius Ind Sella the number of house. bad Increased to such a degree, that the walls of Beryl= Tullius in several parts lay within the city itaelf.
Of all the splendid buildings which were raised during the latter part of the republic scarcely any traces exist, and Augustus might well say that he had changed Rome from • city of bricks Into one of marble; for the roads, aqueducts, and publio building. of every description, temples, arcade., and theatres, which were raised during hie long and peaceful reign were almost innumerable. The whole plain between the Qeirinal and the river became a new town, which in 'splendour and magnificence far aurpaased the city of the hills : this new town was one mass of temples, arcades, theatres, and public places of amusement, not interrupted by any private habitations. Aqueducts for the purpose of supplying the city with water had been built as early as the year n.c. 313, and the first (Aqua Claudia) was begun by Appius Claudius. It ran almost entirely underground, and conveyed the water from a distance of about eight miles in the direction of the Porta Capena into the city. Other aqueducts were constructed, but it was not until the imperial period that this kind of architecture reached perfection, and most of the remains which are still extant belong to the period of the empire. They were mostly built upon arches which had an easy inclination, so that the water ran gently from its source towards the city. Each of the 14 Augustan regions, according to a survey taken in the reign of Vespasian, contained 19, or, according to a later account, 22 vici, with as many sacella in places where two streets crossed each other. Each vicars seems on an average to have contained about 230 dwelling-houses, so that every region contained rather more than 4500. About one twenty-fifth part of this number of houses were' domtut,' that is, habitations of the rich (palazzi), with a portico in front and an extensive inner court (atrium). The remainder consisted of insulin,' that is, habitations fur citizens of the middle and lower classes : they had no portico in front, but mostly an open space which eerved as a shop or workship. In the interior they may have had a court, but of smaller extent than the atrium of a domus. The number of these insult° was about 44,000. All Roman houses were very high. Augustus fixed 70 feet and Trajau 60 feet as the height, above which none were allowed to be built; and the upper story was generally of wood. It was a law of the Twelve Tables, which also occurs in the Roman legislation of later times, that no two houses, whether domue or insulm, should be built closely together but that an open space of five feet should be left between them.