The -usual plan for arranging school-houses is substantially as follows: A large assembly-rooni in a central position is surrounded by class-roonis, with wide halls and stairways; for convenience and despatch, the cloak rooms are arrang-eci beside the stairs. Heating is by hot air or steam, and in the newer buildings much attention is paid to ventilation and plumbing. Dwellings for teachers and janitors are never included in the school-houses, and even in colleges and academies, Where students are lodged and boarded, separate buildings are usually provided for the purposes of tuition, apart from dormitories and eating-rooms.
Leipsie institntions devoted to mental training, those devoted to physical education deserve special attention. The gronnd-plan (fik 17, fig. 9) shows a gymnastic institute built at Leipsic, at the expense of the city, from plans by Giese. The building con sists of a two-storied front building and the gymnasimn hall itself, which is surrounded by wide galleries. The letters on the ground-plan of the first floor refer as follows: A, porch; 13, dressing-room; C, teachers' room; D, writing-room; E, record-room; F, passage; G, privies; H, the part of the hall under the galleries; J, open hall. In the front building are the main stairs with a double head, and at the rear another stairway (o), leading to the g-allery, with a room for storing apparatus beneath the stair. The gymnastic appliances are a frame (a') for hanging-ladders, swinging-bars, and see-saws; a frame (e) for climbing, with sixteen perpendicular and eight diagonal bars, four climbing- and two rack-poles, four climbing- and four stepping--ladders, two climbing-ropes, swingYing-rings, and trapeze; parallel bars (g); horizontal bars (h); swinging- and climbing-ropes (i); boxes for storing apparatus (k); leaping-bars (/); horses (m); cupboards (n) for weights, dumb-bells, etc.; gas-meter (o); stove (a); benches (b); and washstands (e). The floor of the hall is of clay covered with a layer of tan. The gallery, supported by iron columns, contains vaulting-tables, bars, and racing-tracks. The hall is lighted by two rows of arched windows, twenty-eight in all, and also by a skylig-ht in the roof. On the second floor of the front building are a fencing-hall and rooms for the director, teachers, and janitor.
Hosfiital ana' Penal for the temporary lodging of the sick and those for the detention of criminals present many features in common, notwithstanding the different purposes for which they are de signed. In both, it is equally necessary that the plan should provide a number of rooms under convenient supervision, with sufficient accommo dations for officials and attendants, together with provision for household service and supply. Hospitals can be divided into those intended for men
tal and physical diseases.
Schweiz' Insane to and ir give the ground-plan and exterior of a modern establishment of the first kind—the insane asylum at Schwetz, constructed mainly from the design of Building-inspector Steudeuer of Halle. Indispensable conditions in appropriate arrangements of a hospital for the insane are completely fulfilled in the example by the complete separation of the sexes, and convenient intercommunication throng-bout all parts of the establishment. Other points of essential im portance are an airy situation for the building, gardens for recreation, sep aration of sleeping- and sitting-rooms, and a convenient arrangement which brings the business offices of the institution into ready connection with the dwellings of the officials. All these primary requisites are well met in this example. The asylum lies outside the city, on a plateau ele rated above the Vistula River, and commands a fine view of the surround ing country—a matter in itself of great importance in the treatment of mental maladies. It is surrounded by a wall and is divided into two de partments—one for men, and the other for women. All that is in common to both departments is situated in the centre.
On the main front, in the centre (pi. 17,fig. to), is the business depart ment (a), with a yard and accessory buildings. Farther back are the do mestic offices (d), with steam-engine and laundry (c). At the extreme rear is the department for violent cases, divided into a side for men, and one for women (i, k). The front wings (c, c) contain the wards for the men on the left, and for the women on the right. The wing-s at the back, divided from the front by a wall, are devoted to the incurable patients. Each of these four divisions, or wings, borders on two grardens, of which, in each case, the inner garden is devoted to the excitable patients and the outer one to the quiet patients. The department for women, although less crowded, is of the same size as that for men, for the reason that experi ence has shown the necessity of separating and isolating female patients to a greater extent than is requisite for men, and also that the individual occupations pursued by women require special rooms. All the buildings communicate by covered halls. The entire water supply of the institu tion is provided by a steam-engine, which drives the machinery for the laundry and furnishes steam for heating the baths and bath-rooms.