PUBLIC BUILDINGS.
Classification. —Public buildings are devoted either to humane objects in a general sense, such as the fostering and education of children, the care of the poor and the sick, the administration of justice, or to such works of public utility as business intercourse, recreation, refreshment, etc. To the, first class belong schools, exhibition buildings, public libraries and read ing-rooms, hospitals, court-houses, penitentaries, etc. To the second class may be assigned business exchanges, ciistom-lionses, the fire departments, mark-ets, halls of amusement, washing and bathing establishments, etc. Examples of tbese buildings are given on the Plates.
Buildings for Education and Trail/inc.—With the advance of civiliza tion, buildings devoted to purposes of public utility are rapidly increasing in number, especially those designed for the protection and instruction of youth. For young children who cannot be cared for in the family there are various establishments, such as orphan-asylums, foster-homes, clay-nnr series, and kindergartens, where the attention to physical needs is gener ally combined in some degree with elementary mental training.
are usually founded and supported by associations, gen erally societies of women, and have the special object of receiving infants deprived of the mother's care, or the very young children of women who are compelled to earn their living away from home. This care is usually given without charge, or a small sum is paid by the mother for the shelter of the infant during the hours when she is away at work. Food, enter tainment, and instruction are graded to the requirements of the child, and the perils of neglect are thus avoided. In large cities it is found desirable to increase the number of these institutions, and to scatter them among the neighborhoods where they are most needed, as experience indicates that small establishments of this kind can be more thoroughly cared for than those of great extent. Figures r and 2 (pl. r7) give the exterior and ground-plan of a moderately-sized example of a day-nursery in Frankfort on-the-Main. On the ground floor there are two large apartments (a, a); the necessary hall and passage-ways (b , b); a wardrobe (c); a spare-room (a' ); a wash-room (e); and a kitchen, privy, and stairs. The upper floor con tains living- and sleeping-rooms. The exterior of the building (fig. 1) is
attractive; garret accommodation is furnished in the arrangement of the gables with steep roof. Such institutions should stand alone, or so that a o-arden can be attached.
German Germany, the buildings or schools de voted exclusively to mental training are usually divided into three classes —the elementary or common schools, the intermediate, and the high schools or univer,sities. The elements of a general education are taught in the elementary schools, which include country, free, district, and grammar schools. In the intermediate grade, embracing the gymnasia and techni cal schools, the education is carried on farther as a preparation for the academies and universities. In the latter, special departments of purely scientific, technical, and artistic knowledge are provided. Figures 3 and 4 give an example of a village school in Germany; Figures 5 and 6 show a district school; and Figures 7 and 8 a technical school.
/71Ictge School and Teacher's size and arrang,ement of the rooms in the village school depend upon the number of scholars, it be ing considered that a single class must not contain more than one hundred pupils. Thus village schools generally vary from one to four classes, with one or two dwellings for the accommodation of the teachers in charge. The necessity for furnishing the teacher a dwelling in the country schools arises from the fact that the small compensation he receives compels him to forego many of the pleasures of life, and to seek recreation in the domes tic circle. The simplest arrangement of this kind for small and poor r innnities is the single-class house and teacher's- F °Ines 3 and • 4 (pz. 17) give the exterior and ground-plan of one at Neuhofen in Prussia. The edifice, simple on the outside, but built in a suitable style, has a tur ret for the bell and a small vestibule. At the left of the passage (b) is the large class-room (a), intended to acconunodate one hundred pupils; it con tains an elevated desk for the teacher. At the right of the assao-e is the P teacher's family- or living-room (c); in the rear is a smaller room (a') that can be used as a study. The kitchen is at f, store-room at g, and a small connecting passage or hall at h. The bed-rooms are in the upper story, and the privies for the school and the dwelling are on the outside of the house.