Period of the Rome may be seen the remains of an Arch of Gallieuus (26o-26S), the rough workmanship of which, as well as the remarkable degradation of its details, may be noted. The age of Rome's splendor was over; her authority had begun to weaken. Ever since the time when the Gauls had threatened the Capitol, and since Marius, in the year 1o2 B. C., had conquered the Cimbri and the Teutones, there had been no serious danger that the city would have to defend herself against any foreign enemy. In the second half of the third century Rome again found her ramparts useful, and Aurelian in 27o A. D. built a new fortification, the Germanic people having already attained such importance that Rome had to negotiate with them, and assigned them certain lands. Aurelian's great work, though it did not stay the fall of Rome, has withstood the wear of ages, and it still exists (/5/. 9, fig. 6).
The Temple of the Sun at Rome (fig. 5) is also Aurelian's work. Though the Greek temple entirely supplanted the Etruscan, yet the memory of the latter retained some vitality even in the midst of relics of ancient Rome that had come down from the days of the Empire, and his toric traditions clustered around these oldest designs and hallowed them; so that Sulla rebuilt the Capitoline Temple in antique Etruscan form, though perhaps with Greek details, and in many other temples the ground-plan remained more or less Etruscan. Thus, Aurelian's Temple of the Sun has a cella that is less oblong than the Grecian, and the inner colonnades which surround it on all sides support a gallery. The temple is entirely closed in the rear, and colonnades are attached to it on three sides only, while the character of the principal facade exhibits the Greek system, like the temple at Athens and other buildings.
Temple of the Sun at more Rome declined, the more the East grew in importance; and in the course of the third century we find a series of buildings in Asia which degenerate more and more into eccentricity or into caprice and irregularity. Palmyra, an oasis in the Syrian desert, has a number of monuments. The principal is the Temple of the Sun, a Corinthian peripteros the capitals of whose columns had thin bronze plates attached; it was enclosed by a court the entrance to which was formed by the building shown on Plate II (figs. 5, 6). We also find here quadruple colonnades which, broken by portals and tri umphal arches, extend from it along the principal streets of the city. The gate (i5/. 12, fig. 8; /5/. t r, fisr. 7) forms the entrance.
Ruins of Baalbec: The Great doubt whether a more extensive collection of ruins can be found than at Baalbec 12, figs. 3
6). Here also the principal edifice is a Temple of the Sun, the florid style of whose details is shown on Plate io (figs. 9, io). The Great Temple consists of four large divisions, situated on a spacious platform of a total length of 'too feet. Behind a propylon a magnificent flight of steps conducts to a columned entrance-portico; the second division is a hexag onal structure enclosing a large open court surrounded by pillars; entering through a grand portal, the third division is an immense quadrangular open court surrounded on three sides by columns; and in the rear or fourth division is the Temple of Baal, a peripteral temple with ten Corin thian columns in front and rear line, and nineteen on each side.
Temple of the the side of the Great Temple stands the Temple of the Sun, a peripteros of two rows of eight columns in front, one row in the rear, and fifteen columns on each side. The temple is believed to be a work of Antoninus Pius, but the fore-court and the adjoining buildings belong to the close of the third century. Figure 8 ii) shows a portion of the coffered ceiling which adorns the peristyle of the temple. The extreme degeneration and caprice which these edifices had reached are shown in the circular temple on Plate 12 Vig• 7).
The Temple of Uirills et Honos at Rome (now the Church of S. Ur bano) belongs to the third century. It has a four-columned portico, and a high, heavy-looking attic above the entablature.
Works of Diocletian: the beginning of the fourth century Diocletian erected those immense Merino which in extent and magnif icencesurpassed those of Caracalla. The principal hall, converted by Michelangelo into a church, exists still in Sta. Maria degli Angeli. It is similar to the frigidarium shown in Figure 2, but is roofed with three great transverse vaults that spring from the entablature of the eight columns, which entablature serves also to support groups of statues. The eight shafts are monoliths of Oriental granite. Two circular structures, one of which is now the Church of S. Bernardino dei Termini, likewise belonged to these thermal.
Pompey's so-called " Pompey's Pillar" at Alexandria was set up in 302 A. D. by the Diocletian prefect Pompeins. It stands on a mound of earth about 4o feet high, and has a height of 98 feet 9 inches. The shaft consists of a single piece of red granite, and is 73 feet long and 29 feet 8 inches in circumference. The capital is Corinthian, 9 feet high; the pedestal is a square of about 15 feet on each side, and bears a Greek inscription in honor of the emperor Diocletian.