Temple of Venus splendid structure built by Caesar at Rome was the Temple of Venus Genitrix, the tutelary goddess of his house, to whom be gave honor at the battle of Pharsalia, in 48 B. c. This temple was dedicated in 46 B. c., as was also the forum which Caesar constructed not far from the ancient Forum Romanum, and which bears his name. This forum is surrounded by colonnades; in its centre stands the temple, at its rear are apartments for the authorities, and on one side is the tribunal of justice. The completion of this edifice, as of another of Ccesar's structures, was reserved for Augustus.
Julian Course and Circus this epoch belongs the erec tion of the stone Basilica Julia, as well as the construction of a second forum, a plaza five thousand feet square, on the Campus Martins, which until then had been little built upon. This forum was also. surrounded by porticoes, and bore the title of Septa Julia (the "Julian Course"). To the epoch of Caesar belongs also the rebuilding of the Circus Maximus— a structure which, according to the various statements of the age, must have seated from one hundred and fifty thousand to two hundred and sixty thousand spectators.
well-preserved example of Roman bridge-construction is the Pons Fabricius (Polite de' quattro capi ; pl. 9, fig. 7) over the Tiber, built by L. Fabricius in the last years of the Republic, and enlarged by Augustus forty-four years later. The aqueduct near Vold (fig. 9) serves as both aqueduct and bridge.
Spread of Grecian Roman influence Grecian art per petually extended its domain, since it not only held sway in Asia in the overthrown Alexandrian empire, but also penetrated where the political power•of Rome had not yet accomplished the overthrow of the nations. Among these we must mention the Jews, who had no art of their own, but who, like the Romans, had adopted Grecian art. To this epoch belong the tombs which exist near Jerusalem, and which exhibit more or less barbarized Grecian forms. These are in part rock-graves—as the so-called "Tombs of the Kings," the "Judges' Tomb," " Jacob's Tomb," and that of " Helena "—and in part detached structures, as those of Absa lom and Zacharias. These names are entirely arbitrary and in no wise characterize the date of the structures, which belong to the last century before Christ, and perhaps to the first century after. To this period also belongs the restoration of the Temple, which Herod began to rebuild in the Greek style in the year 20 B. c. This is the Temple concerning which Christ said, " Seest thou these great buildings? there shall not be left here one stone upon another, which shall not be thrown down " (Mark xiii. 2);
and it did not exist one hundred years ere the prophecy was fulfilled.
The Augustan Era (27 B. c.-I4 A. D.) was for Rome what that of Perikles was for Athens—the fffill bloom of culture and the culmination of art, inasmuch as it was then treated with most elegance. And yet what a difference! How can we speak of refinement where mere size prepon derated—where even architectural forms were converted into an outer decoration ? Vet relatively it was the climax of art, inasmuch as the remains of the genius of the age of Perikles—a remnant which afterward disappeared—were not yet entirely lost.
Temple of Foriuna the temples of the last period of the Republic is the Ionic temple of Fortuna Virilis at Rome, the celia of which is set externally with half-columns that form a continuation of the columns of the entrance-portico, the architrave of which is carried along the wall of the cella; so that the entirety approaches that of an early Grecian temple, while it still bears sufficient traces of the old domestic temple-arrangement. Related to this is the Temple of the Sibyl at Tivoli.
Other Temples of this the Augustan Age belongs the Temple of Mars tiltor, which closely resembled the Greek manner, and of whose peristyle three Corinthian columns with their entablature still remain. Augustus also restored the Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus on the Greek plan. To his time belongs also the Temple of the Dioscuri generally entitled that of Jupiter Stator—of which also three columns with their entablature still stand erect (pi. 10, fig. ii). Outside Rome the Corinthian Temple of Augustus and Roma at Pola in Istria belongs to this period, also the similar Corinthian temple at Assisi (now the Santa Maria della Minerva), as well as the remnant of a temple built into the Cathedral of Pozzuoli, besides many others.
Circular choragic Monument of Lysikrates (pi. 8, fig. 1o) shows the architectural system of the temple applied to a circular building. Whether larger structures, actually used as temples, had at the time of its construction a similar form cannot be asserted, on account of the lack of remains; but the severity with which the sacred traditions of the form of the temple was established makes it, however, improbable. After the transference of sway to Rome we find this shape adopted for the temple, and the Temple of Vesta at Tivoli (pt. fig. i) —as yet in great part erect—is a striking example.