The Jrausolcum of Hadrian (fl. r ry. 2), the remnant of which, known as the Castle of St. Angelo, ranks as one of the most important buildings in Rome, appears again as a member of that chain of burial monuments which are connected with Assyrian stepped-pyramids, and which since Artemisia erected her famous tomb in honor of her husband have been called " mausoleums." Works of Antoninus Antoninus Pius the Temple of Antoninus and Faustina at Rome was erected in a rich Corinthian style, near the forum, in i5o A. D. As in some before-mentioned single cellre, the side-walls are decorated with half-columns, which are a contin uation of those of the portico; and thus it exhibits a certain approach to the Etruscan system, without departing as a whole from its Greek propor tions, since the cella is entirely surrounded by the equivalent of a portico. The walls externally are adorned with marble slabs, and the nnfluted marble columns are entirely of costly eipolin. The frieze shows a row of griffins, with candelabra standing between each pair. To the time of Antoninus Pius belong the well-preserved theatre of Patara at Lykia, a city gate with three arches surmounted by a Doric frieze, many fune ral monuments, and the ruins of a temple. Other theatres of the same period remain at Telmessos and Myra in Lykia, and at Iasos in Caria.
Works of Marcus memorial column of Antoninus Pius at Rome is still represented by a fragment in the Vatican Garden, while another, similar to that of Trajan, erected by Marcus Aurelius, the son of Pius, and commemorative of the victory over the Marcomanni, still exists; but in place of the statue of the emperor it bears that of St. Peter (fi/. r r,fg. 4). The Temple of ilisculapius, as well as the so-called " Przetorium " at Lambessa, in \Vest Africa—the latter a basilica-like design—dates from the period of Marcus Aurelius (r62–r75 A. D.).
To the end of the second century belong the Temple of the Pythian Apollo—which has two Doric-like columns in antis and an Ionic frieze —a magnificent arch of triumph at Orange, in France, the principal temple at Knidos, in Caria—which has Corinthian columns—a Corinthian temple at Alabanda and another at Ephesos, the theatre at Laodicea, and a unique gateway and a magnificent tomb at Mylassa, in Caria, the last a square temple-like structure of two columns between square angle piers placed upon a lofty base and surmounted by the remains of an eight sided pyramid. The circular Temple of Vesta at Rome, copied from that of Tivoli, and the Corinthian columns of which still stand erect, was constructed also at the close of the second century.
of the Third Century: Arch of SCVernS.—The triple Arch of Sep timins Severus fig. 3), richly bedecked with sculptures, belongs to the beginning of the third century, as does also a small gate of honor erected to the same emperor by the goldsmiths at the entrance of the cattle-mar
ket. Of this date are also the ruins of a temple usually designated as that of Jupiter Touaus and situated not far from the great Arch of Triumph. A quadrangular arch erected iu memory of Severus in the year 214 at Thebessa (Theveste), in Numidia, also remains, together with another at Attura (Sanfiir); and the huge amphitheatre of Nimes dates also from the beginning of the third century.
Baths of the mightiest architectural monuments of the third century are the Baths of Caracalla, at Rome (211-227 A. D.). In the later days of the Imperial City, when public opinion gradually lost weight in politics when the legions of the provinces mutinied and killed emperors, public baths, or 'kerma', served more and more as the centres of the business which had previously been confined to the forum. At the time of Constantine, Rome possessed fifteen such thermw, of which those of Titus have already been mentioned. The Baths of Cara calla consisted of an outer structure, which enclosed a court about 35o metres (1148 feet) square, and contained two rows of single bath-rooms, while in the court stood the main building, in the immense halls of which were great basins of cold water for swimmers, halls for sweating (sudalorth), for rubbing, for games of ball, etc. These enormous halls were in part vaulted, while others were covered with flat roofs of beams; the cold bath (frig/War/um) was probably open. We give on Plate 12 (figs. r, 2) the present condition and a restored interior perspective of the frigidarium of Caracalla's Baths.
Other Works of the Third Century. Column of Alexander Severus (221-235 A. D.), at Antinoe, was Corinthian, and had immediately above its base a crown of acanthus-leaves, from which sprang the shaft. The well-preserved amphitheatre of the ancient Thysdrus, in the province of Carthage—now El-Djemm, the largest of Roman ruins in Africa— dates from the reign of the elder Gordian (about 238 A. D.). It resembles the Coliseum in having five galleries or corridors in the first storey. From an inscription upon the Porta de' Borsari, at Verona, we learn that this gate was erected 265 A. D. It has two portals with two galleries above. Similar and of the same age is the Porte d'Arroux, at Autun, France (fl. to, fig. 2). Germany has an example of a huge sepulchre in the Tomb of the Secundines (fig. i), at Igel, near Treves; it is zo metres feet) high. The fine triumphal Arch of the Sergii, at Pola, the amphitheatre there, and that at Verona, as well as the theatre at Aspendos, in Pam phylia—which is still preserved almost entire—perhaps belong also to the third century.