If "orks of the sou and successor of Vespasian, completed the Coliseum, and built—or, at least, began—that imperial structure which, as the Flavian Palace, has recently been brought by excavations to the light of day, and which nearly corresponds to the ordinary idea of a Roman house, only with more magnificent dimensions and broader con ceptions. Tice arch at St. Remy, in France, may also belong to the age of Titus, since it resembles in shape the Arch of Titus at Rome. The great Roman cenotaph at the same place, remarkable for its elegant pro portions, may also be mentioned here.
Domitian and Nerva, the successors of Titus, built several sumptuous temples at Rome and linked their names to a forum erected by them.
Greek artists were most in demand in Italy and in the Greek and Asiatic provinces, and thus the proportions of the buildings in those prov inces came nearest to those of the Greek works of the ancient period. But Rome had other possessions, where, outside the legions which upheld her authority, she had no workmen at her disposal other than the unskilled native barbarians, who were unacquainted with monumental construction. Yet even here such edifices were erected as not only served for the needs of the colonies, but also gave expression to Rome's love of pomp; for wherever the Romans went they set up their own monuments, in order to command the respect of the natives. In these structures Greek delicacy and proportions were entirely lost, and the Roman system was followed in the principal lines only. -Of this class is the entire series of Roman buildings in Germany, of which the Porta Nigra, at Treves according to the most recent discoveries belongs to the first century —is one of the most important examples (15/. 9, fig. II).
Trojan's TT orks: Forum Basilica Emperor Trajan in the beginning of the second century displayed considerable archi tectural activity. He erected the forum which bears his name, and with which is connected the Basilica Ulpia, the largest and most important of Roman basilicas. This had four aisles and a nave, the latter being 25 metres (S2 feet).wide and So metres (262;> feet) long, while the entire space, including the double side-aisles, which extended on all four sides of the nave, measured 5S metres (190 feet) by 13o metres (42W feet). There were entrances on one of the shorter sides, as well as on the long side adjacent to the forum. The other short side contained the semicir
cular tribune of justice. The architect was the Greek Apollodoros. The Foram of Trajan was unsurpassed in the costliness of its decorations and the magnificence of its design; to this structure Hadrian added porticoes, basilicas, temples, and triumphal monuments.
Arches and Ancona, Trojan's name is also linked to a inagqiificent triumphal arch which is constructed of Parian marble and stands on one of the two moles that protect the harbor. At Benevento there is also an Arch of Trajan, erected by the emperor in 113 A. D. to commemorate the restoration of the Appian Way. This arch is of Parian marble, of the Corinthian order, and is highly ornamented with basso- and alto-rilievos representing various events in the reign of the emperor. It now forms one of the gates of the city (Porla Aurm). An Arch of Trajan stood also at Rome, and out of it was built the still extant Arch of Constantine. Trajan is also honored in the column which bears his name (pi. 1r, jig. 3). This stood within an encircling colonnade at. the side of the Basilica Ulpia. On the shaft are reliefs arranged spirally in twenty-three tiers, scenes in Trajan's victories, containing twenty-five. hundred figures. The column, including capital and base, is g7, feet high. The summit was formerly crowned by a colossal gilt bronze statue of Trajan, now replaced by a figure of St. Peter erected by Pope Sixtus V. A temple dedicated to the emperor, in connection with a forum, formed the culmination of testimonials of honor.
Other II orks 6f was a Spaniard. A part of his archi tectural zeal displayed itself on his native soil, where he erected numerous. triumphal arches, as at Merida, Bara, and Caparra. To his age belongs the aqueduct of Segovia (pi. 9, fig. io), as well as the magnificent six arch bridge at Alcantara (Arabic for "the Bridge "), with which was con nected a triumphal arch to Trajan. In Africa, also, on what was once the. domain of Carthage, a triumphal arch remains at Tucea which by its inscription is proved to belong to the last years of Trajan's reign.
The importance of the Roman provinces increased more and more, and with it the erection of grand public edifices in all parts of the extensive empire. Many of the works of public utility, as streets and bridges, which adorn Central Europe, belong to the time of Trajan and his immediate successor.