Painting, mostly red, black, yellow, and white, is practised frequently; the Patagonians on Plate 50 (fig. 2), for instance, have their faces painted red, and the Californian on Plate 40 (fig. 7, to the right) has a Spanish uniform painted on himself as a decoration. The custom of painting for festive occasions (for instance, p1. 34) prevails from the Eskimos to Tierra del Fuego. Circumcision is practised by some Brazilian tribes, and was formerly customary in Central America.
mixed breeds of the Americans with other races are numerous, vigorous, and fertile, which is also true.of the mixed breeds of the Oceanic races. In America there are entire tribes and populations which are mixed. In Peru mixtures of Caucasians and Indians are called Mestizos, Cholos in Chili, Mainalueos in Brazil; those of Negroes and Indians are called Zambos, and to them the Brazilian Cafusos (p1. 48, fig. 1o), with their immense wigs, belong. The peculiarities of both parent races can easily be distinguished in the offspring; thus, the Cholo (p1. 53, fig. r8) exhibits the melancholy expression, the broad wide-open nos trils, the disproportion between rump and limbs, the bristly hair of the American combined with the high, slender stature and lighter color of the European.
Civilizym/c'on.—A marked contrast is apparent in an historical survey of time civilization of the American peoples. We find among them highly civilized peoples by the side of perfectly barbarous ones; and as the latter differ themselves in manner of living to their environ ment and climate, so we find among the former two entirely distinct developments of civilization, and from them clown to the barbarians various intermediate steps. Even one and the same tribe sometimes shows different stages of development, which, considering the antiquity of the American peoples, is natural.
have first to speak of the peculiar earthworks which are found generally in the river-valleys south of the Great Lakes from the Alleghany Mountains to Texas. They are long tumuli, more rarely excavations, in the shape of animals, snakes, birds (pl. 39, fig. io; perhaps, also, fig. 8), lizards, bears, adders, or men (perhaps fig. 8); often the shapes are not distinct (p1. 39, fig. 7). The earthworks are very large: Figure 6 (pl. 39) measures about moo feet; Figure mo, over 200
feet; Figure 8, 188 feet in length, ito feet in breadth; the longest work in Figure 7 (a lizard?), which is crossed by a modern road, measures more than Too feet, and some not given attain the length of i000 feet. The work shown in Figure 2 (p1. 39) encloses a space of 450o square feet.
All these monuments (p1. 37, fig. 8; 39, figs. 2, 5-10, are from the Wisconsin region) seem to have been sacred places; Figure 2 was certainly at the same time a fortified place, and others lie securely on hills or on laud projecting into the rivers S). Mounds of various shapes, gene rally terrace-formed, with eroded summits (p1. 37, fig. S, 7 feet high; pl. 39, fig. 5, 23 feet high), which served as tombs and as temple-places and places of sacrifice, are also numerous. Frequently they are in the vicinity of such animal-shaped reliefs and connected with them by artificial roads. Remarkable examples from Ohio are shown on Plate 39 (figs. 1, 3), also specimens of pottery (fig. 4) found in them. The mounds and animal fignres were built, as is proved by the skulls which are sometimes found in the former and by objects in the latter, as also by many similar works of the Americans of to-day, by the ancestors of the North American Indians (Nos. 4 to 9 of our enumeration on p. 209), but at an extremely early period.
In some places these sacred spots have been used for agricultural pur poses, furrows passing over them, undoubtedly the remains of farming, and have received the name of "garden-beds" 39, fig. 9). The reliefs certainly could not have been furrowed before their ancient sig nification had been forgotten. This early method of farming is entirely different from that of the Indians of to-day, who sow their maize on sep arate little mounds called "corn-bills" (p1. 39, fig. 6); the method of to day, however, was already extensively known at the time of the discovery of America. It is possible that in the course of millenniums the con structors of the animal figures were driven away by southern agricultural tribes, perhaps belonging to Mexico, and that very much later the descend ants of the former inhabitants resumed their old places.