Ashantees
Ashantees. How Far Distant The Time May Be When This West African Nation Will Be Commercially Important, Will Depend Chiefly On The Energy Of English Merchants, And On The Lessening Of The Slave-trade. The Principal Manufacture Of The Ashantees Is That Of Cotton Cloth, Which They Weave On A Loom ...
Ashes
Ashes, The Remains Of Anything Burned, Whether Of Vegetable Or Animal Origin, And To A Certain Extent Of Mineral Bodies Also. Vegetable Ashes. Ashes Vary In Composition According To The Nature Of The Plant, The Soil In Which It Grows, And The Manure Used Upon It. The Substances Usually Contained ...
Asia
Asia. To Trace The Steps By Which Com Mercial Enterprise Has Successively Discovered The Various Parts Of The Asiatic Continent, Would Be Little Less Than To Trace The History Of The Human Race; For, From The Time When The Phoenician Merchants Spread Their Trading Ports Far And Wide, To The ...
Asia Minor
Asia Minor. This Rich, Outlying Por Tion Of Asia, Often Designated Natolia Or Ana-. Tolia By Geographers, Contains Many Mines ; But The Mining Operations Are Not Conducted With Much Skill. There Are Copper Mines Near Bakir-kurelisl, Not Far From The Black Sea ; Near Chalivar, On The Eastern Side ...
Asii
Asii. The Ash Is One Of The Most Useful Of Our British Trees, On Account Of The Excel Lence Of Its Hard Tough Wood And The Rapidity Of Its Growth. In Its Appearance Too It Is Singularly Graceful For A European Tree, Often Resembling In Its Slender Stems And Thin ...
Asphalte
Asphalte Is A Name Given To Various Bituminous Compounds, Which Have Been Much Used Of Late For Street-pavements, For The Platforms Of Railway Stations, And For Flooring, Roofing, And Protecting Buildings In Various Ways From Damp. One Of The Most Important Of These Is The Seyssel Asphalte, Introduced Into This ...
Asphaltum
Asphaltum Is One Of The Varieties Of Bitumen, Arising From The Decomposition Of Vegetable Matter. It Occurs Massive, Of A Dark Brown Or Black Colour,with A Conchoidal Fracture, And A Resinous Lustre. It Is Opaque, And Exceedingly Brittle At A Low Temperature, But Softens And Fuses By The Application Of ...
Assaying
Assaying. The Difference Between As Saying And Chemical Analysis May Be Thus Stated; That When An Analysis Is Performed, The Nature And Proportions Of All The Ingre Dients Of A Substance Are Determined ; But In Assaying, The Quantity Of Any Particular Metal Only Which The Ore Or Mixture Under ...
Assignat
Assignat. The Commercial History Of An Assignat Bears Some Such Relation To That Of A Bank Note, As A Swindler Does To An Honest Trader. During The Early Stages Of The French Revolution, The Government Siezed The Clergy Lands, And Made Them Over To The Municipali Ties ; The Municipalities ...
Astrakhan
Astrakhan. This Russian Province Depends A Good Deal For Its Commercial Pros Perity On Its Fisheries. The Volga Is Scarcely Equalled By Any Other Stream In The World Tor Abundance Of Fish. This Noble Liver Flows Through The Province. In The Spring Of Tin: Year Its Fishing-grounds, Particularly Between The ...
Atlantic Ocean
Atlantic Ocean, As The Watery Ex Panse Which Separates Europe From America, Is One Of The Most Notable Of Commercial Highways. No First-class River Flows Into The Atlantic From Europe Or Africa, The Rhine, The Danube, The Dnieper, And The Nile Being Of The Se Cond Class. Of Africa, About ...
Atlas
Atlas Is The Historical And Geographical Name Of An Extensive Mountain-system In North Africa, Which, Though Not Inhabited By A Manufacturing Race, Produces Many Sub Stances Useful In The Arts. On The Low Plains At The Southern Foot Of The Mountains, And Within Its Lower Ranges, The Date Palms Cover ...
Atomic Theory
Atomic Theory, In Chemistry, Some Times Termed The Doctrine Of Definite Propor Tions. This Very Important Theory, Founded On Well Ascertained Facts, Has Bestowed On Modern Chemistry An Almost Mathematical Degree Of Precision. The Theory, Which Is To Be Distinguished From The Experimental Part Of The Subject, Supposes That Chemical ...
Attwoods Machine
Attwood's Machine. This Appara Tus Was Invented By George Attwood, A Fellow And Tutor Of Trinity College, Cambridge, To Wards The Close Of The Last Century. It Is Intended To Demonstrate The Law Of The Velocity Of Falling Bodies. Suppose Weights Of Six And Seven Pounds Hang Over A Pulley, ...
Aude
Aude, A Department Of France Formed Of A Portion Of The Old Province Of Languedoc, Has A Fair Proportion Of Produce And Manufac Tures. Mines Of Coal, Plastic Clay, And Plaster Of Paris Are Profitably Worked ; Limestone, Good Building Stone, And Slate Are Found. The Corbieres Mountains Contain Mines ...
Australia
Australia. The Time Is Not Far Distant When This Island, The Largest On The Globe, Will Possess A High Degree Of Commercial Im Portance. All Our Colonies On Its Shores— New South Wales, Port Phillip, South Aus Tralia, And Western Australia—are Gradually Advancing In Industry And In Commerce. The First ...
Austria
Austria. This Large Empire Has Been Formed By The Annexation Of So Many King Doms And States, And Embraces So Great A Diversity Of Soil And Productions, That We Can Only Briefly Notice Its Chief Industrial Features. Slavonia And The South-eastern And Central Parts Of Hungary Are Richer Than Most ...
Automaton
Automaton, Derived From Two Greek Words, Meaning Self-moved, Is A Name Gene Rally Applied To All Machines Which Are So Constructed As To Imitate Any Actions Of Men Or Animals. The Pigeon Of Archytas, The Clock Of Char Lemagne, The Automaton Made By Albertus Magnus To Open His Door When ...
Aveyron
Aveyron, A Department In France, Part Of The Ancient Province Of Guienne, Produces 6,000,000 Gallons Of Wine Yearly. Between The Rivers Lot And Aveyron There Is A Very Rich Bed Of Coal. Besides Its Valuable Coal Mines, The Department Contains Mines Of Copper, Lead, Zinc, Sulphur, Antimony, Iron, And Alum. ...
Ayrsf1ire
Ayrsf1ire Maintains A Goodly Rank Among The Commercial Counties Of Scotland. The Mineral Riches Are Considerable. Coal Is Abundant, Especially In The Middle And Northern Parts Of The County. The Coal Is Of Different Varieties, Among Which Is The Blende Coal, Found In The Earth Charred, Or Reduced To The ...
Babylon
Babylon. This World-renowned City Is Still, In Its Ruin And Desolation, A Place Of Interest To The Artist And The Artificer, On Ac Count Of The Huge Fragments Which It Contains. These Ruins Consist Of Mounds Of Earth Formed By The Decomposition Of Buildings, Channelled And Furrowed By The Weather ...
Bacon
Bacon. Were It Possible To Traco The Services Which Were Rendered To Industry, Through The Medium Of Science, By Roger Bacon In The 13th Century, And By Francis Bacon In The 16th And 17th, The List Would Doubtless Be An Important One ; But It Would Belong To The Biography ...
Baden
Baden. The Grand-duchy Of Baden Is Rich In Many Kinds Of Produce. Agriculture Is The Chief Occupation Of Its Inhabitants, And Yields A Surplus Of Produce For Which Swit Zerland And France Afford A Ready Market. Only Six Acres In A Thousand Are Said To Be Waste Land. On An ...
Balance
Balance. The Instrument Most Com Monly Known By The Term Balance Is A Su Perior Sort Of Scales, Executed With All The Precision Necessary For The Nicest Operations Of Physics, And Particularly Of Chemistry. A Balance Should Be So Sensible That, When Equipoised, A Very Small Additional Weight In Either ...
Balloon
Balloon. A Balloon Generally Consists Of A Bag Of Silk, Or Other Light Material, In Flated With Gas Or Heated Air, So That, Being Lighter Than An Equal Bulk Of Common Air, It Will Rise From The Earth With Sufficient Force To Lift A Car, In Which Persons May Perform ...
Balsamodendron
Balsamode'ndron, A Genus Of Oriental Trees, Is Deserving Of Our Notice Here As Pro Ducing Myrrh, And Balsam Of Gilead. Myrrh Exudes From The Bark, And Is At First Soft, Oily, And Of A Yellowish-white Colour, Then Acquires The Consistence Of Butter, And By Exposure To The Air Becomes Harder, ...
Bamberg
Bamberg, In Bavaria, Has Many Points Of Interest As A Commercial Town. Among The Numerous Incorporations In This Town Is That Of The Gardeners, Which Consists Of 508 Masters, 70 Apprentices, And Upwards Of 256 Workmen. The Highest Prize Which It Gives —and It Is Given Hut Once In Three ...
Bank Note Machinery
Bank Note Machinery. Consider Ble Mechanical Ingenuity Has Been Shewn In Devising The Best Mode Of Manufacturing Bank Notes, So That They Shall Be Light, Durable, And Not Easily Imitated By Forgers. The Making Of The Paper, The Engraving Of The Steel-plate, And The Numbering Of The Notes, Have All ...
Barium
Ba'rium, A Peculiar Metal, Discovered By Davy In 1807: It Is The Basis Of The Alkaline Oxide Or Earth Barytes, From Which It Is Ob Tained By Various Chemical Processes. It Re Sembles Silver In Appearance : It Is Much Heavier Than Water. By Exposure To The Air It Is ...
Bark
Bark. Several Kinds Of Bark, Being Used For Processes In The Arts Or For Medicine, Enter Largely Into Commerce. Of The Former Class Are Oak Bark, Cork Bark, Mimosa Or Wattle Bark, And Quercitron Bark ; And The Most Im Portant Among The Latter Is Jesuits' Or Peru Vian Bark.. ...
Barley
Barley Is A Grain Too Generally Known To Require A Minute Description. It Is Readily Distinguished From Other Grain By Its Pointed Extremities, And By The Rough Appearance Of Its Outer Skin, Which Is The Corolla Of The Flower Closely Enveloping The Seed, And. In Most Varieties, Adhering Strongly To ...
Barn
Barn, A Building In Which Agricultural Produce Is Stored, To Protect It From The Wea Ther And Keep It In Safety. The Thrashing Floor, Which Is Required Even Where Thrashing Machines Are Used For Thrashing Out The Smaller Seeds, Is Usually In The Middle Of The Barn, And Made Of ...
Barnsley
Barnsley, Owes All Its Importance To Its Manufactures. Wire-works Were In Existence Here In The Time Of James I., And The Town Had For A Long Period The Reputation Of Pro Ducing The Best Wire In The Kingdom. This Manufacture Has, However, Greatly Declined ; And But Little Wire Is ...
Barometer
Barometer, Is The Name Applied To Those Instruments In Which A Column Of Air Is Weighed Against A Column Of Mercury. Galileo, Tos-ricelli, And Pascal, In The 17th Century, Successively Made Those Experiments And Observations On The Pressure Of The Air, Which Led To The Invention Of The Barometer. It ...
Barren Land
Barren Land, In Agriculture, Is That In Which The Plants Generally Cultivated Do Not Prosper Or Arrive At Maturity. This Bar Renness May Arise From Various Causes. The Texture Of The Soil May Be Such That The Mois Ture Essential To Vegetation Cannot Be Retained; Or That The Fibres Of ...
Basalt
Basalt, A Hard Dark-coloured Rock Of Igneous Origin. It Can Only Be Considered As A Variety (and A Comparatively Recent Variety) Of That Mass Of Melted Rock Which Has Been Ejected At Various Periods From Beneath The Crust Of The Globe, And To Which Various Names Have Been Assigned,according To ...
Basilica
Basilica. The Romans Gave The Name Of Basilicre To Those Public Buildings With Spa Cious Halls, Often Surrounded With Wide Porti Coes, Many Of Which Were Built At Different Times In The Various Fora Of Rome. They Were Usually Called After The Person Who Caused Them To Be Built. The ...
Basin
Basin Is A Geographical Term Which Is Used In Such Expressions As The Basin Of A Sea, The Basin Of A Lake, The Basin Of A River ; And It Includes All The Countries Drained By The Waters That Run Into Such Sea, Lake, Or River. If The Basin Of ...
Baths And Washhouses
Baths And Washhouses. The Practice Of Bathing Is One Which Is Too Much Neglected In This Country. In The East, Andat Rome In Ancient Times, The Arrangements For Bathing Show Much Completeness. Some Of The Finest Buildings At Rome Were Baths. There Were Sixteen Public Baths At Rome In The ...
Bavaria
Bavaria. This Important Country, Like Most Others Which Have Mountain Ranges As Well As Wide Plains And River Valleys, Is Rich In Varied Produce. Few Countries Possess A More Pro Ductive Soil Than Bavaria. Agricultural Indus Try Is Principally Directed To The Cultivation Of Wheat, Rye, Barley, And Oats. The ...
Bazaar
Bazaar. In Turkey, Egypt, Persia, And India, This Term Distinguishes Those Parts Of Towns Which Are Exclusively Appropriated To Trade. In This Exclusive Appropriation They Resemble Our Markets ; But In Other Respects They Approximate More Nearly To Our Retail Shops. The Regnlar Bazaars Consist Of A Connected Series Of ...
Bean
Bean. There Are Two Distinct Kinds Of Beans Cultivated; The One Is Our Common Gar Den Or Field Bean: The Other Is The French Bean, Haricot, Or Kidney-bean. The Common Bean, Of Which There Are Seve Ral Varieties, Bears A Pod Containing Several Oblong Rounded Seeds, Which Are Used In ...
Bear
Bear. Many Species Of Bear Contribute In Various Ways To The Arts And To Domestic Economy. In The Arctic Countries The Brown Bear Is Hunted And Taken In Pitfalls And Traps Of Various Kinds ; And In Some Countries, As Lapland And Kamtchatka, There Is No Part Of The Animal ...
Beaucaire
Beaucaire, A Town In The Department Of Gard In France, Is Very Advantageously Situated For Trade; Whereby It Has Long Been An Entrepot Of The Trade Of France With Spain, Africa, Italy, And The Levant. One Of The Great Old Fairs Of Europe Is Held Here Every Year ; When ...
Bedstead
Bedstead, The Frame Employed To Sup Port A Bed. Bedsteads Of Iron And Brass, Of Very Light And Simple Construction, Occupying Little Space, Easily Taken To Pieces And Put To Gether, And Affording The Best Security Against The Harbouring Of Vermin, Have Been Much Used Of Late Years, And May ...
Beech
Beech. The Common Beech, Known In America As The White Beech, Is The Most Useful Species Of This Valuable Tree. The Timber Is Hard, And Is Employed For A Great Variety Of Purposes. It Is Used For The Keels And Side Planking Of Ships ; For Ringing Mill-wheels ; For ...
Beet
Beet. There Are Two Distinct Species Of Beet Commonly Cultivated, Each Containing Several Varieties, The One Called Beta Cicla, Which Produces Succulent Leaves Only, The Other Beta Rulgaris, Distinguished By Its Large Fleshy Root. The Cicla Is Chiefly Cultivated In Gardens As A Culinary Vegetable, And Forms One Of The ...
Belfast
Belfast Is The Principal Place Of Trade In Ireland, And Has Increased In Wealth And Population With Great Rapidity. In 1758 The Number Of Looms Was 399. The Spinning Of Cotton By Machinery Was Introduced In 1777, And Of Linen In 1808. In 1838 There Were 50 Steam-engines Of An ...
Belgium
Belgium. The Coal-fields Of This Im Portant Country Are In The Provinces Of Lim Bourg, Liege, Namur, And Hainault ; And Nany Of Them Are Very Rich In Produce. The )ther Varieties Of Mineral Produce Include .ron, Calamine, And Building Stone. The Soil, Which In Each Of The Provinces Onsists ...
Bengal
Bengal. The Province Of Bengal Is Poor In Mineral Productions. The Hills In Sidiet Produce Iron Ore. Iron Is Made At Punduah By A Curious Process, Which At Once Smelts The Ore And Renders It Malleable. Granular Iron Ore Of The Fineness Of Sand Is Washed Clean And Mixed With ...
Berlin
Berlin, The Metropolis Of The Prussian Monarchy, And The Largest And Finest Town In Germany, (vienna Only Excepted) Cannot Be Otherwise Than An Important Commercial And Industrial Centre. Among The Six Quartiers, Or Quarters, And The Five Suburbs, Of Which The City Consists, Are Many Manufacturing Esta Blishments Of Great ...
Bern
Bern, The Largest And Most Populous Can Ton Of Switzerland, Produces Corn, Though Not Sufficient For The Consumption Of The Population, And Fruit In Abundance, Especially Apples, Pears, Plums, Nuts, And Cherries. From The Cherries The Spirit Called Kirsch Wasser Is Made, Which, As Well As The Extract From Absinth, ...
Berwick Upon Tweed
Berwick-upon-tweed. From The Reign Of Edward I. To That Of Elizabeth, The Principal Export Trade Of Berwick Was Wool, Wool Fells, Hides, And Salmon: But The Trade Of The Place Has Suffered Some Modification In Later Times. The Principal Manufactures Are Those Connected With Shipping ; But There Are Also ...
Beryl
Beryl, A Mineral Species, Among The Vari Eties Of Which Are Found Two Of The Most Beau Tiful And Costly Gems With Which We Are Acquainted, Namely, The Emerald And The Pre Does Beryl. The Species Belongs To The Rhornholiedral System Of Crystallization, Usu Ally Occurring In Regular Hexagonal Prisms. ...
Birch
Birch. The Birch Is Extremely Valuable Among Our Forest Trees, From The Variety Of Materials Which It Furnishes To The Manufac Turing Arts. The Common Birch Is One Of The Hardiest Of Known Trees, And Flourishes Best In Cold Countries. The Timber, Without Possessing Any One Quality In An Eminent ...
Birkenhead
Birkenhead. The Grand Undertakings At This Town Are Among The Most Remarkable Commercial Phenomena Of Our Age. The Overflowings Of Liverpool Commerce Are To Form The Basis Of Birkenhead Commerce. The Rapid Growth Of Birkenhead Is Entirely Owing To The Formation Of Commodious Docks. In 1842 The Town Commissioners Were ...
Birmaii
Birmaii. The Birman Empire Is Rich In Mines Of Gold, Silver, Copper, Tin, Lead, Anti Mony, And Iron, But They Are Much Neglected By The Natives. Many Kinds Of Precious Stones Are Obtained By Digging And Washing The Gravel In The Beds Of Rivulets Or Small Brooks. The Varieties Said ...
Birmingham
Birmingham, Is In Many Respects The Most Remarkable Of Our Manufacturing Towns. It Dates Its Productive Industry From Early Times. Being Situated At A Moderate Distance From The Staffordshire Iron Mines, Which Were Unquestionably Worked At A Very Early Date, And Placed In A District Which Was Distin Guished As ...
Biscuit
Biscuit, A Kind Of Bread Usually Made In The Form Of Flat Cakes, And Pierced With Holes, To Insure The Complete Evaporation Of Mois Ture In The Baking, Which Is Necessary For Pre Serving It During Long Voyages. Biscuits Are Used On Land As A Kind Of Luxury, But At ...
Bismuth
Bismuth. The Minerals In Which This Metal Constitutes The Principal Ingredient Are Comparatively Few In Number. Native Or Oc Tahedral Bismuth Occurs In Opaque Crystals, Having A Metallic Lustre, And A Reddish Silver White Fracture. Bismuth-ochre Is A Straw Coloured Mineral, Consisting Of An Oxide Of The Metal. Bismuth-glance Is ...
Bitters
Bitters, A Collective Term Applied To Those Vegetable Substances The Most Prominent Sen Sible Quality Of Which Is Bitterness. It Was At One Time Attempted To Refer This Quality To An Hypothetical Principle, Which Was Termed Bitter Principle ; But It Was Soon Perceived That Sbu Stances Having A Bitter ...
Bitumen
Bitumen. A Considerable Number Of Combustible Mineral Substances Are Sometimes Arranged Under The Head Of Bitumens; But Their Properties Vary Greatly In Some Respects, As, For Example, With Regard To Solidity, Fluidity, And Colour. The Term Bitumen Is However Usually Applied To Two Varieties, A Harder Kind Called Asphaltum [asphaltum], ...
Blackburn
Blackburn. This Is One Of The Great Cotton Manufacturing Towns Of Lancashire. As Far Back As 1650, One Particular Article Of The Staple Trade Of The County Was Produced Here With Better Success Than In Any Other Place. It Was Known By The Name Of Black.. Burn Checks,' And Was ...
Blasting
Blasting Has Long Been Practised As The Most Efficient Mode Of Removing Or Detaching Heavy Masses Of Rock In Mining Operations, And, By Reason Of Recent Improvements, Has Become One Of The Most Important Resources Of The Civil Engineer. The Old Method Of Blasting Rocks Consisted In Drilling Or Boring ...
Bleaching
Bleaching Is The Whitening Of Fibrous Materials Used As Clothing. Wool And Silk, Cotton And Flax, The Substances Most Usually Submitted To This Process, Contain Certain Co Louring Matters Which, Though Natural, Are Not Essential Constituents ; And These Colour Ing Matters Are More Readily Acted Upon By Chemical Agents, ...
Block Machinery
Block Machinery. The Vast Number Of Blocks Constantly Required For The Use Of The English Navy And The Mercantile Marine Of This Country May Be Understood From The Fact, That Upwards Of 1400 Blocks Of All Sorts Are Needed For Fitting One Ship Of 74 Guns ; While For Smaller ...
Blow Pipe
Blow-pipe. This Instrument, In The Simple Form In Which It Has Long Been Em Ployed By Jewellers And Others In Soldering Upon A Small Scale, Is A Metallic Tube Seven Or Eight Inches Long, About A Quarter Of An Inch In Diameter At One End, And Gradually Tapering To A ...
Blowing Machines
Blowing Machines. Bellows, Or Ma Chines For Dircting A Current Of Air Upon A Fire, To Excite The Requisite Intensity Of Com Bustion For Metallurgical And Otheroperations, Are Of Very Early Origin. Rosellini Represents An Egyptian Painting In Which A Man Is En Gaged In Working Two Pairs Of Bellows ...
Blue
Blue, As A Pigment. The Substances Used For This Purpose Are Of Different Natures, And Derived From Various Sources : They Are All Com Pound Bodies,some Natural And Others Artificial. Prussian Blue.—this Beautiful Pigment Was Discovered In 1710 By Diesbach, A Manufac Turer Of Berlin. It Is A Compound Of ...
Boat Life Boat Simp Buildingbobbin
Boat. [life-boat ; Simp-building.] Bobbin Net. [lace.] Bog. The Name Of Bog Has Been Given Indiscriminately To Very Different Kinds Of Sub Stances. In All Eases The Expression Signifies An Earthy Substance Wanting In Firmness Or Consistency. In Some Cases, Where Springs Of Water, Or The Drainage From An Extensive ...
Boeing
Boeing. Whether The Vertical Cavity For An Artesian Well Is Made, Or The Cavity Of A Cannon Formed, Or The Cavity Of A Cylinder Or Barrel Perfected, Or A Hole Simply Made In Wood—the Term Boring Is Equally Applied To All These Operations. Cannon Are Usually Cast Solid, And Bored ...
Boiler
Boiler. This Name Is Now Most Com Monly Applied To The Close Vessels Used For The Generation Of Steam. Such Boilers, To Les Sen The Danger Of Explosion, Are Almost Inva Riably Made Of Wrought Metal, Which, If Burst, Will Tear Rather Than Fly To Pieces, As Cast Me Tal ...
Boiling Of Fluids
Boiling Of Fluids. When Fluids Are Heated To Such A Degree As To Be Strongly Agi Tated And Produce Much Vapour, They Are Said To Boil, Or Be In A State Of Ebullition, Under Similar Circumstances, The Temperature At Which This Occurs Is Always The Same In The Same Fluid, ...
Bokhara
Bokha'ra, A Country Situated In Central Asia, Exhibits The Industry Of Its Inhabitants In The Cultivation Of Their Lands. The Larger And The Smaller Canals, Both Of Which Are Nu Merous, Must Have Required A Good Deal Of Labour When They Were First Made ; And They Are Still Kept ...
Bolton
Bolton. This Important Lancashire Town Has Maintained An Eminent Position In Manufactures For Many Centuries. Leland: Speaks Of Its Being A Market For Cottons And Coarse Yarns ; And Another Writer (biome), Who Wrote Somewhat Later, Describes It As A Fair Well-built Town, With Broad Streets, With A Market On ...
Bombay
Bombay. This Great And Important City Is More Distinguished For Commerce Than For Manufactures : For Exchanging The Produce Of India For That Of England, Than For Pro Ducing On Its Own Account. Yet There Must Necessarily Be Much Manufacturing Carried On. The Property Is Principally In The Parsee Inhabitants, ...
Bones
Bones Have Been Of Late Years Very Exten Sively Used As A Manure, Especially On Poor And Dry Sands And Gravels. When Crushed And Used Judiciously, The Advantage Of Bones As A Manure, In Distant And Uncultivated Spots, Where The Carriage Of Common Stable Or Yard Manure Would Have Been ...
Book Binding
Book-binding. This Interesting Art Includes Not Only The Fastening Together Of The Leaves Of A Book ; But Also The Preliminary Operations Of Folding Each Sheet So That The Several Pages Of Which It Consists May Follow One Another In Due Order, And Of Gathering Or Collecting Together In Proper ...
Book Trade
Book Trade. The Publisher Of The Cyclopedia Of Industry' Has Made Various Computations, From Time To Time, Of The Pro Duce Of The Press In This Country. The Data For Such Estimates Must Necessarily Be Inex Act, And The Results Can Only Be Considered As Approximations To Truth. They Are, ...
Boot And Shoe Manufacture
Boot And Shoe Manufacture. Scarcely Any Handicraft Employment Engages The Attention Of So Many Persons In This Country As Boot And Shoe Making. From The Artist Of Aristocratic Circles To The Cobbler Who Rolls Himself Up In A Stall Under A Pot-house, Is A Wide Interval ; And This Interval ...
Bordeaux
Bordeaux. This Celebrated City,!one Of The Most Important In France, Has Great Faci Lities Both For Foreign And Internal Commerce. Wine, Brandy, And Fruits Are The Chief Articles Of Export. The Medoc Or Claret Wines Are Sent Chiefly To England ; The Inferior Sorts To Hol Land And Germany. England ...
Bradford
Bradford. It Is Curious That Both Of The Well-known Towns Of Bradford Owe Their Im Portance To The Woollen Manufacture. Brad Ford In Wiltshire Has For Many Centuries Been Noted For Its Fine Broad-cloths, Which Have At All Times Formed Its Principal Manufacture. ' The Tonne Of Bradford Stondith By ...
Brandy
Brandy. This Well Known Liquid Is The Alcoholic Or Spirituous Portion Of Wine, Sepa Rated From The Aqueous Part, The Colouring Matter, &c„ By Distillation. The Word Is Of German Origin, And In Its German Form, L,rantwein, Signifies Burnt Wine, Or Wine That Has Undergone The Action Of Fire. Brandies, ...
Brass
Brass. This Very Valuable Metal Is An Alloy Of Copper And Zinc, Which, From The Re Motest Antiquity, Has Been Extensively Applied To Useful And Ornamental Purposes. It Was Made Long Before Zinc Was Obtained In Its Metallic Form, By Exposing Grain Or Bean Copper, Which Was Produced By Pouring ...
Brazil
Brazil. This Vast Country Is Rich In Products Useful In The Arts And Manufactures. Besides The Ordinary Kinds Of Vegetable Food, The Natives Cultivate The Cocoa-plant, The Mate Plant, Coffee, Sugar, Cotton, Tobacco, Indigo, Ginger, Pepper, Cinnamon, Cloves, Vanilla, Sar Saparilla, Caoutchouc, Copaiva, Copal, Various Fruits And Also Various Dye-plants ...
Bread
Bread And Baking. There Is A Marked Characteristio Which Separates Bread Into Two Kinds :— Biscuit Bread, Which Is Made Without Fermentation, And Is Compact, Heavy, And Hard ; And Loaf Bread, Which Is Fermented, And Thereby Rendered Porous, Light, And Soft. The Flour Of Barley, Oats, And Rye, Is ...
Breakwater
Breakwater. The Plymouth Break Water Is A Public Work On Which We Justly Pride Ourselves. It Was Commenced In 1812, And Is Formed Of Stone Procured From The Shores Of The Harbour. The Quarrying Of The Stone, The Conveyance Into The Vessels By A Railway, The Dropping Of The Stones ...
Brewing
Brewing And Breweries. Whether Ale Or Beer Be The Object Of The Brewer's At Tention, The Chemistry Of The Manufacture Is Pretty Nearly The Same. It Consists In The Pro Cess Of Extracting A Saccharine Solution From Grain, And In Converting That Solution Into A Fermented And Spirituous Beverage. This ...
Brickwork
Brickwork. The Art Of The Bricklayer Is Shown, Not Merely In Laying And Cementing His Bricks, But In Making Them To Mutually Support Each Other. This Object, Which Is Termed Bonding, Is Accomplished By Brealdng Or Distributing The Joints ; So That Two May Never Come Immediately Over Each Other; ...