Oxygen
Oxygen. The Properties Of This Inesi Remarkable Eleinentary Body Are Best Ktiethi In Its Elastic Or Aeriform State, In Which It Is Termed Oxygen Gas. The Disdovery Of This Importaiit Substance Vitia Media By Dr. Ptiestley In 1774, And Somewhat Later Ifidepaiidently By Scheele. To This Gas Dr. Priestley Gave ...
Oyster Trade
Oyster Trade. The Management Of The Oyster Fishery Presents Many Peculiar Features. The Best Kind Of Oysters In This Country Are The Small 'variety Called Natives; They Are Found In The Rivers Colne, Medway, And Swale; Or Rather, They Are Really French 4stcrs, The Produce Of Thd Coast Of Normandy, ...
Paisley
Paisley, Though Far ,from Being A Hand Some Town, Ranks The Third In Scotland In Respect To Population And Commercial Import Ance, Solely On Account Of Its Manufactures. In 1707 The Principal Articles Made In The Town Were Coarse Linen, Chequered Cloths, And Bengals, To Which Succeeded Chequered Linen Handkerchiefs, ...
Palms Palm Oil
Palms : Palm Oil. There Is Scarcely A Species Of Palm In Which Some Useful Property Is Not Found: The Cocoanut, The Date, Arid Others Are Valued For Their Fruit ; The Fan-palm And Many More For Their Foliage, Whose Hardness And Durability Render It At Excellent Material For Thatching ...
Panama Transit
Panama Transit. One Of The Most Interesting And Important Enquiries Now In Progregg, 'concerning The Formation Of A High Way Of Is The Choice Of *a Route Across The I§thitufg Of Panama Fibre. The Atlantic To The Pacific. Thig Iithmtis Eenheets North With South Aiiierica. The Acquisition Of Portion§ Of ...
Paper Hangings
Paper Hangings. The Word Hang Ings Was Originally Arid Properly Applied To The Woven Of Embroidered Tapestry With Which The Walls Of Apartments Were Covered. From The Time Necessary For Their Production, These Were Too Costly For Any Olasses But The Wealthy. About 200 Years Ago, However,. Mode Was Devised ...
Paper Manufacture
Paper Manufacture. In Early Times The Materials Used For Writing Upon Wore Chiefly Such As Only Required Some Little Mechanical Fashioning To Fit Them For That Purpose. Smooth Flat Stones, Clay Afterwards Burnt, Waxed Boards, Plates Of Iron Or Metal, Leaves And Bark, Skins And Intestines, Papyrus, And Parchment, Were ...
Papieb Maghe
Papieb.-maghe, Is The French Term For A Preparation Of Inoistehed Paper, Of Which Many *articles Are Maniffaclized In England, France, And Germany. 'the Modes Are Adopted Of Making Articlof Of This Kind: 1, By Glueing Or Pasting Different. Thicknesses Of Paper Together"; 2, The Substance Of The Paper Into A ...
Parallel Ruler
Ruler, Parallel.. In Its Usual Form, This Instrument Consists Of Two Rectangular Rulers Connected By Two Cross-bars Of Equal Lengths, Which Move On Pivots In The Rulers In Such Manner That The Four Pivots, Two In Each Ruler, Shall Be The Four Points Of A Parallelogram. One Ruler Being Held. ...
Pariiienon
Pariiienon. This Far-famed Structure, The Temple Of Minerva, Is Situated On The Acropolis Of Athens. It Was Erected In The Time Of Pericles (about B. C. 448). This Temple Has Always Been Considered The Most Refined Example Of The Grecian Doric Style, And One Of The Noblest Monuments Of Anti ...
Paris
Paris. This Most Important City, Besides Its Distinguishing Featairee In Other Respects, Has A Considerable Manufacturing Population;;' For In The Variety And* Extent Of Its Tiong Of Indirstry, Paris* May Vie With Most Cities Of The World. The Carpets Of The Ma Nufactory Of La Savonnerio And The Tapestry Of ...
Patents Patent Laws
Patents; Patent Laws. The Ob Ject Of Patents Is To Encourage Useful Inven Tions. Before Applying For A Patent For An Invention, Two Considerations Are Necessary First, What Is Entitled To A Patent ; And Next, Whether The Invention Has The Requisite Con Ditions. In The First Place, The Machine, ...
Pearl Barley
Barley, Pearl, Is The Small Round Kernel Which Remains After The Skin And A Considerable Portion Of The Barley Have Been Ground Oil: Barley From Which Only The Outer Husk Or Skin Has Been Removed Is Called Pot Barley. Both These Preparations Of Barley Are Made By Means Of Mills ...
Pearls Pearl Fishery
Pearls ; Pearl Fishery. A Pearl Is A Small Concretion Which Is Formed Within The Hard Envelope Of A Shell-fish. The Pearl Oyster Nearly Resembles In Shape The Common English Oyster, But Is Larger, Being Usually About Three Inches In Diameter. The Pearls Are Most Commonly Contained In The Shell ...
Peat
Peat Is A Substanee Of Vegetable Origin, Found Wherever The Soil Has Been Long Soaked With Water Which Has No Outlet And Does Not Completely Evaporate By The Heat Of The Sun. When Dried Peat Is Examined, It Is Found To Consist Of Roots And Fibres In Every Stage Of ...
Pekea
P.e'kea Is The Name Of A Plant Inhabiting Guiana, And Furnishing The Saauctri Nuts Of The Shops. The Shell Is Brownish And Rugged, And Contains A Kernel Of A Soft Consistence, And Of The Most Delicate Buttery Quality. It Is 'by Far The Best Of The South American Nuts That ...
Pen Manufacture
Pen Manufacture. Among The Small Articles Of Daily Use, Few Are More Important Than Pens, And Few Exhibit More Remarkably The Application Of The Factory System To The Production Of Cheap Implements. Under Feathers, The Reader Will Find An Account Of The Mode Of Preparing Goose-quills For Pens. Of The ...
Pencils
Pencils. The Well-known Nack-lead Pencil Is Made By Cutting Black-lead, Or Plumbago, Into Thin Plates With A Saw, And Again Into Strips As Wide As The Plate Is Thick. These Strips Are Then Laid In A Groove In A Piece Of Cedar, Upon Which Is Glued Another And Thinner Piece: ...
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania. This Is One Of The Most Busy And Commercial States Of The American Union. It Abounds In Minerals. From The Western Declivity Of The Allegheny Mountains The Bituminous Coal-fields Of Penn Sylvania Extend Into Maryland And Virginia, And Occupy Many Thousands Of Square Miles; This Coal Is Mostly Wrought ...
Perambulator
Perambulator, Is An Instrument For Measuring Distances On Roads. It Consists Principally Of A Wheel Upon Which It Runs, Ana. An Index Which Shows The Number Of Turns Of The Wheel Reduced Into Miles, Furlongs, Poles, And Yards. The Carriage Or Stock, Which Is Divided In Order To Receive Th3 ...
Percussion Caps
Caps, Percussion. It Is Explained In Arms The Earlier Kind Of Fire. Arms Were Discharged. The Percussion-cap Is A Modern Contrivance For This Purpose. It Depends On The Property , Possessed By Several Chemical Substances Of Exploding By A Blow Et; Percus Sion. Fulminating Mercury Was The First Sub Stance ...
Persia
Persia. This Ancient And Celebrated Country Is Neither In Industry Nor Commerce So Important As Nature Has Fitted It To Be. The Slothful Despotism Of An Asiatic Country Is A Sad Bar To Advancement. Agriculture Is, How Ever, Well Understood And Carefully Attended To, As Is Evident From The Means ...
Pesth
Pesth. This, The Greatest City In Hun. Gory, Has Considerable Industrial And Com, Mercial Activity. The Manufactures Are Silk, Cotton, Leather, Jewellery, And Musical Instru Ments; That Of Tobacco Is A Government Mono. Poly. Pesth Has, Next To Vienna, The Greatest Trade Of Any City On The Danube. It Has ...
Philippines
Philippines. These Islands, Among The Most Important In The Indian Epee, Pro Rich Both In Produce And In Tottinteree. The Staple Articles For The European Market Are Sugar, Indigo, Rum, And Tobacco; And For The Chinese Market, Stipan-wood, Rice, Edible Birds' Nests, And Trepting. A Email Quantity Of Coffee, Ebony, ...
Photography
Photography. Photographic Pictures Are Facsimile Representations Of Objects, Pro Duced By The Chemical Action Of Light On A Prepared Tablet, Upon Which The Images Of The Objects Are Thrown By A Camera-obscura. Such A Process Has Been Named After Its Inventor The Daguerreotype ; But Other Methods Have Received The ...
Photometer
Photometer Is The Name Given To In Struments Constructed For The Purpose Of Measuring The Relative Illuminating Powers Of Different Sources Of Light. Photometers Have Been Constructed By Professor Leslie, And By Mr. Ritchie, Late Professor Of Natural Philo Sophy In London University College ; But A Mode Of Comparing ...
Piano Forte
Piano-forte. This Musical Instrument Is Variously Formed, And Receives Different Designations, Such As Grand, Square, Semi Grand, Cabinet, Collage, And Piccolo. The First Notion Of The Square Piano Forte Was Taken From The Clavichord By A German Mechanic Of The Name Of Viator, About A Hundred Years Ago ; But, ...
Pigs
Pigs. The Commercial Value Of Swine Very Considerable; For Besides The Flesh Con Sidered As An Article Of Food, The Shia, The Bristles, And Other Parts Of Time Animal Are Ap Plied To Many Useful Purposes. In F Flesefe Magazine' For October, Pm, Is Given A Lively Account Of The ...
Pihenix
Pihenix Olt Date Tree. The Data Tree (plurat± Cfatsylifera) Is One Of The Most Vabiable Among Eastern Plants. A Coasts Derable Part Of The Inhabitants Of Egypt, Arabia, And Persia Subsist Almost Entirely On Its Fruit. They Make A Conserve Of It With Sugar, And Even Grind The Hard Stones ...
Pin Manufacture
Pin Manufacture. The First Thing To Be Done In The Manufacture Of Pins By The Hand Method Is To Reduce A Quantity Of Brass Wire To The Requisite Size. This Is Generally Done In The Pin Factory, As The Wire Is Received Of Larger Diameter Than Necessary. It Is Per ...
Pine Tree
Pine Tree. Under Aries Is Given A Brief Description Of Some Among The Many Varieties Of Fir Trees. We Will Here Glance At Some Of The More Prominent Uses Of The Pine, Which Has Many Points Of Similarity To The Fir. In Respect To Food The Pine And Fir Do ...
Planing Machinery
Planing Machinery. The First At-; Tempt To Economise Labour By Means Of Plan Ing Machinery Was Made By General Bentham, Who Obtained A Patent In 1791 For A Contriv Ance By Which Large Planes, Vide.enough To Take The Whole Width Of A Plunk St One And Supplied With Apparatus For ...
Plantain
Plantain. The Plantain Is The Fruit Of The Muse Sprientom, And Is Eaten To A Most Re Markable Extent By The Inhabitants Of The Tor Rid Zone. Trom Its Nutritious Qualities And, General Use, It May, Whether Used In A Taw Or Dressed Form, Be Regarded Rather As A Neces. ...
Planting
Planting And Plantations. Plant Ing Is The Operation Of Placing In The Soil The Roots Of A Plant Which Has Been Previously Re Moved. The Manner Of Performing The Ope Ration May Be Reduced To One General Principle; That Of Placing The Roots In The Soil So As To Imitate ...
Playing Cards
Cards, Playing. The Manufacture Of Playing Cards Involves Several Processes Of Much Nicety. The Preparation Of The Material, The Cutting Into Quadrangular Pieces, And The Stamping With The Coloured Device, All Require Careful Operations. The Card-board Is Made By Many Successive Processes Of Pasting And Pressing. In Mr. Dickinson's Patented ...
Plough
Plough. The Oldest Forms Of Plough Of', Which We Have Any Description In Ancient Authors, Or Which Are Represented On Monu Ments Or Coins, Are Very Simple ; A Mere Wedge With A Crooked Handle To Guide It, And A Short Beam By Which It Was Drawn, Form The Whole ...
Plymouth Dock Vim
Plymouth Dock Vim Purest One Si The Nest Imporeent :owes In The . West Of Eee_124, Iry Szi Eszimeerne And Tame Esmeriel Pent El View- The Tee Eddy-acme Iiervieete., And The Leyel Deck Fad, All Tend To Give -unm To The Pit O& The Rim These Ara Briy Tieerlest Rn ...
Poland
Poland. Whether Regarded As A King Dom, Or As A Mere Province Of The Russian Empire, Poland Demands Only A Few Words Respecting Its Produce And Commercial In Dustry. Though Poland Is Not Distinguished By Fertility, It Produces More Grain, Hemp, Flax, And Tobacco, Than Are Required For Its Con ...
Polychromy
Polychro'my Is A Modern Term Used To Express The Ancient Practice Of Colouring Statues And The Exteriors Of Buildings. In Egypt It Was At All Times A Universal Custom To Have Recourse To Colours In The Decoration Of Architecture. As To The Practice In Greece, It Appears, From The Remains ...
Pontoons
Pontoons Are Vessels Used In The For /nation Of Floating-bridges For Military Purposes. General Pasley Has Constructed Pontoons In The Form Of Canoes, With Decks, Each End Being Shaped Like The Head Of A Boat. They Consist Of Light Timber Frames, Covered, Except The Deck, With Sheet Copper ; And ...
Poplar Tree
Poplar Tree. There Are Several Va Rieties Of Poplar Tree, Which Render Useful Ser Vice To Man, Though Not In So Great A Degree As Many Other Trees. The Timber Of The White Poplar Is Very Light Coloured, And Is Used In France And Germany For A Variety Of Minor ...
Portland Vase
Portland Vase. This Beautiful Specimen Of Ancient Art Is One Of The Choicest Treasures Deposited In The British Museum. The Time Of Its Production Is Now Unknown ; But It Is Presumed To Be The Work Of A Grecian Artist. The First Information We Have Respecting It Is That Rhea ...
Portsmouth Dockyard
Portsmouth Dockyard. The Ex Cellence Of Portsmouth Harbour Attracted The Notice Of The Romans, Who Established A Station At Porchester On Its Northern Shore. Portsmouth Was A Place Of Importan^a In The Time Of Henry I., And There Was A Naval Station There In The Reign Of John. The Dockyard ...
Portugal
Portugal. The Agricultural Produce Of This Country Includes Corn, Indian Corn, Rice, Hemp, Flax, Honey, Wax, Plenty Of Fruit, Espe Cially Excellent Oranges And Lemons, Almonds, And Abundance Of Good Wine. The Sea Along The Coasts And The Rivers Abound With Fish, Which Is A Great Article Of Food With ...
Post Mails Letters
Post; Mails; Letters. To Trace The Influence Of The Postage System On The Industry And Commerce Of The Country Is Quite Beyond Our Present Bounds. Whether As Re Gards The Internal Machinery Of The Great Establishment In St. Martin's-le-grand; The Wonderful Effect Of The Penny Postage Rue; The Rapid Transit ...
Potassium Potash
Pota'ssium ; Potash. The Remark Able Metal Potassium Was Discovered By Sir H. Davy In The Year 1807. Its Properties Are The Following :—in Colour And Lustre It Strongly Resembles Mercury; It Is Solid At The Usual Temperature Of The Air : At 50° It Is Soft And Malleable, And ...
Potato
Potato. The Potato Was First Brought To This Country From Virginia By Sir Walter Raleigh, And Was First Planted In His Garden At Youghal, In Ireland. But The Potato Had Been Known Iu Spain And Portugal At An Earlier Period, And It Is From Them That We Most Directly Derive ...
Potteries
Potteries. The Name Of The Potteries! Is Given To A Remarkable District In Shire, In Which The Greater Part Of The English Pottery And Porcelain Is Made. It Is A Row Of Seven Or Eight Towns, Lying Along The Same Turnpike Road, And Having The Intervals Be Tween Them Every ...
Pottery And Porcelain
Pottery And Porcelain. The Pottery Art Appears To Have Been Practised In The Earliest Ages, And Undoubtedly Has Been Known Amongst The Rudest Nations. The Most Ancient Records Allude To The Potter's Wheel, And We Have Proof That Great Skill Had Been Acquired In The Manufacture Of Porce Lain Of ...
Printing
Printing. The Art Of Printing From Blocks Has Been Known In China Since The Middle Of The 10th Century, And That Mode Of Printing Is Still Practised There. Even In Europe, Although Writing, Unlike That Of The Chinese, Is Alphabetic, Printing From Blocks Was The Method First Practised. Some Have ...
Prudfiommes
Prud'fiommes. Prudentes Homines, Ex Perienced Men. This Name Relates To A Re Markable Kind Of Commercial Or Manufacturing Council, Well Known In France, But To Which We Have Nothing Exactly Parallel In England. In 1452, King Rene Established At Marseille A Council Of Prud'hommes, With Summary Juris Diction In Disputes ...
Prussia
Prussia. This Important Kingdom Does Not Possess A Great Variety Of Natural Pro Ductions ; But It Has All Those The Cultivation Of Which Has Been Gradually Introduced Into Central Europe ; And The Most Indispensable Of Them In Sufficient Abundance For Its Own Consumption, And For The Obtaining Of ...
Pulley
Pulley. The Pulley Is One Of The Simple Machines Or Mechanical Powers Employed In The Construction Of Machinery And In The Transmission And Modification Of Force. The Kinds Of Pulley In Use Are Very Numerous; But They All Consist Of Combinations Of A Grooved Wheel, Moveable On An Axis, And ...
Pyramids
Pyramids. The Pyramids Of Egypt, Es Pecially The Two Largest Of The Pyramids Of Jizeh, Are The Most 'stupendous Masses Of Building In Stone That Human Labour Has Ever Been Known To Accomplish. The Egyptian Pyramids, Of Which, Large And Small, And In Different States Of Preservation, The Number Is ...
Pyrenees
Pyrenees. The Lofty Chain Of The Py Renees Gives Name To Three Departments Of France. In The Mountains Themselves Iron, Copper, And Lead Mines Are Worked, And Fine Statuary And Other Marble, Including Some Of The Most Beautiful Varieties, Is Quarried. In The Department Of Basses Pyrenees The Annual Produce ...
Pyrography
Pyrography. This Name Has Been Re Cently Proposed For A Peculiar Kind Of Paint Ing Or Rather Delineation, In Which Heat Is The Chief Agent Employed. The Homely Phrase Of Poker Painting Is That By Which It Is Generally Known ; Since A Red-hot Poker Might Be The Substitute For ...
Pyrometer
Pyrometer. Instrument Was In Vented By Mussehenbroek For Measuring The Effects Produced In The Dimensions Of Solid Bodies By The Application Of Heat; But The Signification Of The Teem Has Since Been Ex Tended So As To Include Those Instruments The Object Of Which Is To Measure All Gtadations Of ...
Quarantine Laws
Quarantine Laws. Quarantine Laws Are The Result Of Imperfect Knowledge On A Subject Which Is Of Great Importance To Com Merce. They Are Regulations Chiefly Of A Restrictive Nature, For The Purpose Of Prevent Ing The Communication From One Country To Another Of Contagious Diseases, By Means Of Men, Animals, ...
Quarrying
Quarrying Is The Operation Of Extracting From The Ground, Or Detaching From The Sides Of Rocks, Marble, Stone, Or Other Minerals In Considerable Masses. When The Material To Be Excavated Lies Vertically Below The Surface Of The Ground, The Work Commences By Remov Ing The Earth To A Depth Sufficient ...
Radiation Of Heat
Radiation Of Heat. There Are Cer Tain Experiments On The Radiation Of Heat Which Possess Great Practical Value, In So Far As They Show What Substances Should Be Em Ployed, And What Avoided, When Heat Is Re Quired To Be Retained In Any Vessel Or Other Body. In The Jackets ...
Railways
Railways. If Cotton Spinning Were The Greatest Commercial Phenomenon Of The First Quarter Of The Present Century, Railways May Unquestionably Be Said To Be So For The Second. Nothing Else Has Been Attended By Such Vast (and In Many Respects Beneficial) Results. Wooden Railways Or Tramways Were Intro Duced In ...
Raisins
Raisins. The Dried Fruits Of Severalvarie Ties Of The Vine Are Called Raisins. They Are Named After The Countries Where They Are Pro Duced, Or The Places Whence They Are Im Ported; As Malaga, Valencia, And Smyrna. The Peculiar Small And Generally Seedless Grapes, Formerly Called Corinths, Are Now Better ...
Reaping
Reaping. The Common Reaping Hook, Or Sichle. With Which Corn Is Usually Cut, Is One Of The Oldest Instruments Of Husbandry. In Reaping With The Sickle, A Portion Of The Stems Is Collected With The Left Hand, And Held Fast, While The Sickle In The Right Hand Is Inserted Below ...
Rectifying
Rectifying. Under Disruzemon It Is Explained That Raw Spirit, As Produced By The Distiller, Is A Very Different Liquid From Those Which Are Retailed In The Shops, And Con Sumed In Such Large Quantities. Gin, British Brandy, Spirits Of Wine, Whiskey, (except The Purest Irish And Scotch, And Such Cordials ...
Red Lead
, Red Lead. Red Lead Or Miniema Is An Oxide Of The Metal; Niearge Being Another Oxide. Litharge Is Produced In The Process Of Cupellation, Or The Separation Of The Minute Quantity Of Silver Which Most Lead Ores Con. Tain ; It Is A Refuse, So Far As The Immediate ...
Renfrewshire
Renfrewshire. The South-eastern Part Of This Scottish County Is Included In The Great Coal District Of The West Of Scotland. The Chief Coal Works Are At Quarrelton Near Johnstone ; And At Hurlet And Hausehill Near Paisley : The Mines Here Are Very Pro Ductive. Limestone, Sandstone, Ironstone, Granite, And ...
Resistance
Resistance Is A Power By Which Motion, Or A Tendency To Motion, In Any Body Is Im Peded Or Prevented. When A Weight Or Pres Sure Acts Upon A Beam Or Bar In Any Direction, The Tenacity By Which The Particles Of Such Material Oppose That Action Constitutes A Re ...
Rhenish Prussia
Rhenish Prussia. This Portion Of The Prussian Dominions, Situated Near The Rhine, Is Very Important For Its Produce And Manufactures. The Natural Productions Are Equally Numerous And Valuable Some Parts Of The Mountains Are Crowned With Forests, And The Declivities Are Covered With Vineyards Where The Exposure Is Favourable. The ...
Rhine
Rhine. The Rhine Is Certainly The Most Commercial River Of Continental Europe. From Basel To Mainz The Rhine Is Navigable For Barges Of 100 Tons ; From Mainz To Cologne, For Vessels Of 200 Tons ; And Lower Down, For Vessels Of 300 Tons. The River Is Connected By Canals ...
Rhone
Rhone. The Rhone Is Perhaps The Most Commercial Of The Rivers Of France. The River Is Navigable Downwards, From Near Seyssel To Its Mouth, A Distance Of 330 Miles ; For Some Miles Higher Up It Is Available For Floating Timber. Steamers Ply Between Lyon And The Mediterranean ; Owing ...
Rhubarb
Rhubarb. Long As This Valuable Medi Cine Has Been Known, It Is Remarkable That The Species Of _rheum Yielding It, And Of Which The Stalks And Roots Consist, Is Yet Unknown ; This Is In Consequence Of The Best Species, Turkey Rhubarb, Being Only Obtained By The Russians At Kiachta ...
Ribbon Manufacture
Ribbon Manufacture. Ribbon, Or Riband, Is The Well Known Name For A Long Narrow Web Of Silk Worn For Ornament And Use. Ribbons Of Linen, Worsted, And Gold Or Silver Thread Were Formerly Included In The Term, But It Is Now Generally Confined To Those Made Of Silk. Paris, Tours, ...
Rice
Rice. The Important Rice Plant Is A Native Of India, Whence It Has Been Introduced Into Various Parts Of The World. It Is Exten Sively Cultivated In India, In The South Of Europe, And In The Southern United States ; And Less Largely In Many Other Countries. It Requires So ...
Rigging
Rigging. This Is The Name Given To The Whole Of The Ropes And Cordage Of A Ship. It Is Divided Into Two Kinds—the Standing And The Running Rigging. The Standing Rigging Coin Prises All The Shrouds, Stays, Hack-stays, And Other Ropes Which Are Employed To Maintain The Masts And Bowsprit ...
Rio De La Plata
Plata, Rio De La. This Noble South American River Has One Of The Broadest (estu Aries In Theworld. Through This Estuary The Commercial Produce Of About One-fourth Of South America Is Brought To The Market Of The World. It Is Therefore A Great Advantage To The Countries From Which The ...
Rivets
Rivets. The Rivets Which Fasten Together Plates Of Iron And Other Parts Of Mechanism Are Usually Short Thick Pieces Of Iron Or Cop Per, Forged Or Drawn Into The Shape Of A Rod, And Then Cut Off To The Proper Lengths. These Are Used Either Cold Or Red Hot, According ...
Rocket
Rocket Is A Cylindrical Vessel Or Case, Of Pasteboard Or Iror, Attached To One End Of A Light Rod Of Wood, And Containing A Compo Sition Which, Being Fired, The Vessel And Rod Are Projected Through The Air By A Force Arising From The Combustion. Rockets Have Long Been Used ...
Rollers
Rollers. Cylindrical Rollers Are Used For Very Many Purposes In The Arts, Especially Where Two Are Employed In Contact. If One Roller Is Rotating On Its Axis, And If Another Be Brought Close To It, Surface To Surface, With The Axes Parallel, The Second Roller Will Be Made To Rotate ...
Roof
Roof. In Order To Cover In A Building In Which The Space To Be Spanned Is Greater Than Can Be Covered By Single Blocks Of Stone Ex Tending From One Point Of Support To Another, It Is Necessary Either To Have Recourse To The Principle Of The Arch, As In ...
Roof Tering
Tering, Roof, &c., For A Few Details Relating To The Art Of Building, A Few Words Of A General Nature May Be Here Introduced. The Article Brickwork Relates Simply To The Modes Of Arranging The Separate Bricks Or Component Parts Into A Solid And Adhesive Wall. The Builder Must Further ...
Rope Making
Rope-making. The Name Rope Is Gene Rally Confined To The Larger Descriptions Of Cordage, Such As Exceed An Inch In Circum Ference, Though The Principles Of Formation Are Much The Same For Cordage Of Every Size ; The Smaller Sizes Are Known By Various Names. In Rope-making, Whether For Large ...
Rotation Of Crops
Rotation Of Crops. As We Touch Upon Agricultural Subjects In This Work Only So Far As Relates To The Mechanical Appliances Of The Art, And To The Economical Uses Of The Crops Produced, We Will Notice The Rotation Of Crops Simply As A Means Of Showing What The Expression Means, ...
Rouen
Rouen. This Important French City Is Situated At A Point Of The Seine Where Two Small Islands Convert The River Into A Good Harbour For Seaborne Vessels Of 300 Tons. Above The Stone Bridge On The Eastern Side Of La-croix Islet Lie The Large River Craft -and Small Steamers That ...
Russia
Russia. This Vast Empire Ranks Low In Respect To Produce, Manufactures, And Com Merce, Relatively To The Vast Area Which It Covers; But Still It 'cannot Fail To Be Important And Even Mighty When We Consider At How Many Points It Comes Into Near Approach To Fertile And Prosperous Lands. ...