Jujube
Jujube. Under This Name The Fruits Of At Least Two Species Of Zizyphus Are Usually Described, Namely, Z. Vulgaris And Z. Jujuba. The Genus Is A Member Of The Family Rhamnaceae. The Species Are Small Trees Or Shrubs, Armed With Sharp, Straight, Or Hooked Spines, Having Alternate Leaves, And Fruits ...
Jujutsu Or Jiu Jitsu
Jujutsu Or Jiu-jitsu, The Japanese Method Of Offence And Defence Without Weapons In Personal Encounter, Upon Which Is Founded The System Of Physical Culture Universal In Japan (sinico Japanese, Muscle-culture). Some Historians Assert That It Was Founded By A Japanese Physician Who Learned Its Rudiments While Studying In China, But ...
Jujuy
Jujuy, A Northern Province Of The Argentine Republic, Bounded North And North-west By Bolivia, North-east, East, South And South-west By Salta, And West By The Los Andes Territory. Pop. (1914), 76,631 Rose To 103,901 In Including Many Mestizos. Area, 14,802 Sq.m., The Greater Part Being Mountainous. The Province Is Traversed ...
Julian 1825 1906 Klaczko
Klaczko, Julian (1825-1906), Was Born At Wilno In 1825. He Studied At Heidelberg University, And Early Proved His Literary And Linguistic Ability By Articles Written In German, Mainly On The Russo-polish Question, And By His Brochure Die Deutschen Hegemonen (1849). In 1849 He Went To Paris, Where He Made His ...
Julich
Julich (fr. Juliers), A Town In The Prussian Rhine Province, On The Right Bank Of The Roer, 16 M. N.e. Of Aix-la-chapelle. Pop. (1925) 8,589. Jiilich (formerly Also Giilch, Guliche), The Capital Of The Former Duchy Of That Name, Is The Juliacum Of The Antonini Itinerarium. It Became A Fortress ...
Julius Ii
Julius Ii. (giuliano Della Rovere), Pope From Nov. 1, 1503, To Feb. 1, 1513, Was Born At Savona In 1443. He Was Sent By His Uncle, Subsequently Sixtus Iv., To Be Educated Among The Fran Ciscans, Although He Does Not Appear To Have Joined That Order. During His Uncle's Pontificate, ...
Jumna
Jumna, River, Northern India. Rising In The Himalayas In Tehri State, About 5 M. N. Of The Jamnotri Hot Springs, In 31° 3' N. And 78° 30' E., The Stream First Flows South, Then South-west, And Afterwards Due South, Receiving Several Small Tributaries In Its Course. It Afterwards Turns Sharply ...
Junin
Junin, A Sierra Department Of Central Peru, Bounded On The North By Huanuco, East By Loreto And Cuzco, South By Huan Cavelica And West By Lima. Area, 22,820 Sq.m.; Estimated Popu Lation (1920) 394,393. It Includes Sierra And Forested Eastern Slopes Of Cordillera With Their Deep Valleys (see Peru : ...
Juniper
Juniper. The Junipers, Of Which There Are About 4o Species, Are Evergreen Bushy Shrubs Or Low Columnar Trees Of The Pine Family (pinaceae), With A More Or Less Aromatic Odour, In Habiting The Whole Of The Cold And Temperate Northern Hemisphere, But Attaining Their Maximum Development In The Mediterranean Region, ...
Junius
Junius, The Pseudonym Of A Writer Who Contributed A Series Of Letters To The London Public Advertiser, From Jan. 21, 1769, To Jan. 21, 1772. The Signature Had Been Already Used By Him In A Letter Of Nov. 21, 1768, Which He Did Not Include In His Collection Of The ...
Juno
Juno, The Chief Roman And Latin Goddess, And The Special Object Of Worship By Women At All The Critical Moments Of Life. Two Etymologies Have Been Proposed, (i) From Lovino, From Same Root As /up-piter, /ovis; But It Does Not Appear That In Early Cult She Is Associated With Jupiter; ...
Jupiter
Jupiter, In Latin Iuppiter, Diespiter Or Lows, The Chief Roman And Italian God ; Like Zeus, With Whom He Is Etymologically Identical (root Diu, "bright") He Was A Sky God. One Of His Most Ancient Epithets Is Lucetius, The Light-bringer ; And Later Literature Has Preserved The Same Idea In ...
Jupiter
Jupiter, In Astronomy, The Largest Of The Planets, And With The Exception Of Mars The Most Interesting Of All For Telescopic Study. It Revolves Round The Sun At A Mean Distance Of About 5.2 Times That Of The Earth, Or 483,000,000 Miles; And Since Its Equatorial Diameter Is About 88,700 ...
Jura
Jura, A Department Of France, On The Eastern Frontier, Formed From The Southern Portion Of The Old Province Of Franche Comte. It Is Bounded N. By The Department Of Haute-saone, N.e. By Doubs, E. By Switzerland, S. By Ain, And W. By Saone Et-loire And Cote D'or. Pop. (1931) 229,109. ...
Jura
Jura, A System Of Mountain Ranges Between The Rhine And The Rhone, And Forming The Frontier Between France And Switzer Land. The Rhine Gorge Cuts Off The Jura From The Swabian And Franconian Ranges To The North-east, And The Rhone Gorge, The Jura From The Dauphine To The South. Its ...
Jurassic System
Jurassic System, In Geology, The Succession Of Rocks Deposited During The Middle Period Of The Mesozoic Era, Succeed Ing The Trias And Preceding The Cretaceous Period. This Great Series Of Fossiliferous Rocks Was First Studied In Britain By William Smith, Who, In His Two Works Strata Identified (i816) And Strati ...
Jurisprudence
Jurisprudence Is The Name Given To Those Studies, Researches And Speculations Which Aim Primarily At Answering The Plain Man's Question : What Is Law? But Because The Law Is A Thing Of So Many Aspects, Those Inquirers Who Keep That Object Foremost Do Not Necessarily Come Quickest At The Answer. ...
Justice Of The Peace
Justice Of The Peace, In England, A Magistrate Ap Pointed By Special Commission Under The Great Seal To Keep The Peace Within The Jurisdiction For Which He Is Appointed. The Title Is Commonly Abbreviated To J.p. And Is Used After The Name. The Justices Of The Peace Perform Without Any ...
Justiciar
Justiciar. Unlike All Other Officers Of The Central Adminis Tration In The 12th Century The Justiciar Was Not A Household Official. The Justiciarship Originated In The King's Need For A Re Sponsible Subordinate Who Could Take As Wide A View Of The Royal Needs As The King Himself. A Man ...
Justin Martyr
Justin Martyr (b. C. A.d. Oo), Christian Apologist, Was Born, Of Pagan Parents, C. At Flavia Neapolis (anc. Sichem), Now Nablus, In Palestinian Syria (samaria). A Thorough Study Of The Philosophy Of Peripatetics And Pythagoreans, Stoics And Platonists, Brought Home To Justin The Conviction That True Knowledge Was Not To ...
Justinian I 483 565
Justinian I. (483-565). Flavius Anicius Iustinianus, Sur Named The Great, The Most Famous Of All The Emperors Of The Eastern Roman Empire, Was By Birth A Barbarian, Native Of A Place Called Tauresium In Illyricurni, And Was Born, Most Prob Ably, On May Ii, 483, Probably Of Slavonic Parentage. His ...
Justinus Andreas Christian 1862
Kerner, Justinus Andreas Christian ( 1862), German Poet And Medical Writer, Was Born On Sept. 18, 1786, At Ludwigsburg, Wiirttemberg. He Studied Medicine At Tiibingen, And Settled As A Practising Physician In Wildbad. Here He Completed His Reiseschatten Von Dem Schattenspieler Lucks (i8i I), In Which His Own Experiences Are ...
Justus Of Ghent
Justus Of Ghent (jodom.'s, Or Joos Of Ghent) (?143o–?148o), A Flemish Painter Whom Vasari And Guicciardini Called Guisto Da Guanto, And Who Has Been Identified With Joos Van Wassenhove, A Member Of The Painters' Guild At Antwerp In 146o And At Ghent In 1464. His Name Is Not Mentioned In ...
Jute
Jute, A Vegetable Fibre Now Occupying A Position In The Manufacturing Scale Inferior Only To Cotton And Flax. The Term Jute Appears To Have Been First Used In 1746. Importations Of The Substance Had Been Made At Earlier Times Under The Name Of Pat, An East Indian Native Term By ...
Juvenal Decimus Iunius Iuvenalis
Juvenal (decimus Iunius Iuvenalis) (c. A.d. 6o-14o), Roman Satirist And Poet, Was Probably Born At Aquinum. Our Knowledge Of His Life Is Slight, Though Various Mediaeval Mss. Of His Works Have A Life Of The Author Prefixed To Them. Many Of The Statements They Contain Are Improbable, And Most Of ...
Juvenile Offenders
Juvenile Offenders. In Modern Social Science The Question Of The Proper Penal Treatment Of Juvenile (i.e., Non Adult) Offenders Has Been Increasingly Discussed ; And The Reforma Tory Principle, First Applied In The Case Of Children, Has Even Been Extended To Reclaimable Adult Offenders (juveniles In Crime, If Not In ...
Kabardin Balkar
Kabardin-balkar, Autonomous Area, Created In 1924, A Region Linked Administratively To The North Caucasian Area Of The Russian S.f.s.r. It Occupies About 9,00o Sq.km., And Lies Between The Territory Of The Karachaevs On The West And That Of The Northern Osetins And Ingushets On The East. To The South Is ...
Kabba
Kabba, A Province Of Northern Nigeria, British West Africa. Area 10,577 Sq.m. ; Pop. (1931) 462,726. The Province Is Riverine ; In It Is The Junction Of The Niger And Benue. A Small Part Lies North Of This Junction ; South Of The Confluence, Kabba Is Divided Into Two Roughly ...
Kabbalah
Kabbalah (or Kabbdlah, Qabbalah, Hebr. From He Received) Signifies "reception" Or "doctrines Received By Tra Dition," Applied Originally To The Prophets And Hagiographa As Opposed To The Pentateuch (cf. T. B. Rosh Hash-sheinah 19a ; C. Taylor, Sayings, Etc. Cambridge, Ed. 2, 1897, Pp. 106-114 : G. F. Moore, Judaism, ...
Kabul
Kabul (kah'bool), Capital Of Afghanistan, At An Elevation Of 6,90o Ft. Above The Sea In 32' N. And 69° 14' E. Estimated Pop. C. 8o,000. Lying At The Foot Of The Bare And Rocky Mountains Forming The Western Boundary Of The Kabul Valley, Just Below The Gorge Made By The ...
Kabul River
Kabul River, Afghanistan, Is 30o Miles In Length. The Kabul (ancient Kophes), Which Is The Most Important River In Afghanistan, Rises At The Foot Of The Unai Pass Leading Over The Sanglakh Range, An Offshoot Of The Hindu Kush Towards Bamian And Afghan Turkestan. Its Basin Forms The Province Of ...
Kabyles Or Kabail
Kabyles Or Kabail, A Confederation Of Tribes In Algeria, Tunisia, And A Few Oases Of The Sahara, Who Form A Branch Of The Great Berber Race. Their Name (arabic Gabilat, Pl. Gabail), Was At First Indiscriminately Applied By The Arabs To All Berber Peoples. There Are Two Divisions—great Kabylia And ...
Kachin Hills
Kachin Hills. The Kachins Have Been The Object Of Many Police Operations And Several Regular Expeditions :—(i) Ex Pedition Of 1892. It Was Essential To Pacify The Trade Routes Through The Mountains, Which Lay Between The Chinese Frontier And The Irrawaddi, Inhabited By Kachins. In The Winter Of 1891-92 Two ...
Kaffraria
Kaffraria, The Descriptive Name Given To The E. Part Of The Cape Province, South Africa. Kaffraria, I.e., The Land Of The Kafirs, Is No Longer An Official Designation. It Used To Com Prise The Districts Now Known As King William's Town And East London, Which Formed British Kaffraria, Annexed To ...
Kafiristan
Kafiristan, A Province Of Afghanistan. Very Little Of This Country Was With Accuracy And Nothing At First Hand Until Lockhart Headed A Mission To Examine The Passes Of The Hindu Kush Range In 1885-1886. He Penetrated Into The Upper Bashgal Valley, But After A Few Days Was Compelled To Return. ...
Kaiania
Kaiania: See Sei5tan. One Of The Most Historic Cities Of China And The Capital Of Honan Province. It Is Situated On The Western Bor Ders Of The Plain Of North China A Little Beyond The Point Where The Hwang-ho Emerges On To It From The Tung-kwan Gorge. It Thus Guards ...
Kaira
Kaira, A Town And District Of British India, In The Northern Division Of Bombay. The Town Is 20 M. S.w. Of Ahmedabad And 7 M. From Mehmadabad Railway Station. Pop. (1931), 8,316. Its Antiquity Is Proved By The Evidence Of Copperplate Grants To Have Been Known As Early As The ...
Kaiserslautern
Kaiserslautern, Town In The Bavarian Palatinate, On The Waldlauter, In The District Of Westrich, 41 M. By Rail W. Of Mannheim. Pop. 62,578. Kaiserslautern Takes Its Name From The Emperor (kaiser) Frederick I., Who Built A Castle Here About 1152, Although It Appears To Have Been A Royal Residence In ...
Kakwa
Kakwa: See Bari-speaking Tribes. In 1881 A Malaria-like Fever, With Great En Largement Of The Spleen, Was Found To Be Causing Serious Mortality At The Foot Of The Garo Hills In Assam, From Whence It Spread Slowly Eastward During The Next Two Decades Over Some 200m. Of The Brahmaputra Valley, ...
Kalahari Desert
Kalahari Desert, A Region Of South Africa, Lying Mainly Between 20° And 28° S. And 19° And 24° E., And Covering Fully 120,000 Sq.m. The Greater Part Of This Territory Forms The Western Portion Of The (british) Bechuanaland Protectorate, But It Extends South Into That Part Of Bechuanaland Annexed To ...
Kalakh
Kalakh (calah, Modern Nimrud), An Assyrian City Situated In The Angle Formed By The Confluence Of The Tigris And The Upper Zab 19 M. South Of Mosul. The City Was The Artificial Creation Of Shalmaneser I., As Agade To The South Was Of Sargon. It Was Later Abandoned For Many ...
Kalamazoo
Kalamazoo, A City Of South-western Michigan, U.s.a., Between Detroit And Chicago, On The Kalamazoo River ; The County Seat Of Kalamazoo County. It Is On Federal Highways 12 And 131; Has A Municipal Airport ; And Is Served By The Chicago, Kalamazoo And Saginaw, The Grank Trunk, The Michigan Central, ...
Kalat
Kalat, The Capital Of Baluchistan, Situated In 29° 2' N. And 66° 35' E., About 6,78o Ft. Above Sea-level, 88 M. From Quetta. The Town Gives Its Name Also To A Native State With An Area, In Cluding Makran And Kharan, Of 71,593 M. And A Population (1921), 328,281. Kalat ...
Kaleidoscope
Kaleidoscope, An Instrument Which Produces A Sym Metrical Set Of Images, By The To And Fro Reflections In A Pair Of Plane Mirrors Meeting One Another At An Angle, Which Is An Even Submultiple Of 36o°. It Was Invented By Sir David Brewster, And Patented By Him In 1817. An ...
Kalevala Or Kalewala
Kalevala Or Kalewala, The Name Of The Finnish National Epos. It Takes Its Name From The Three Sons Of Kalewa (or Finland), Viz., The Ancient Vainamoinen, The Inventor Of The Sacred Harp Kantele; The Cunning Art-smith, Ilmarinen; And The Gallant Lemminkainen, Who Is A Sort Of Arctic Don Juan. The ...
Kalgan
Kalgan, An Important Depot And Gate-town, As Its Mon Golian Name (halga = Gate) Signifies, On The Sino-mongolian Border 53' N. And 14° 5o' E.). The City Lies At An Altitude Of 2,800 F T. On The Extremity Of A Rich Loess Plain (hsuan-hua) Within The Belt Of High Scarps ...
Kalgoorlie
Kalgoorlie, A Town Of Western Australia Some 380 Miles E. By N. Of Perth. Kalgoorlie, Coolgardie, Boulder, Kan Owna And Some Others Form A Group Of Mining Towns Fairly Typi Cal Of South-western Australian Conditions. The Climate Is Arid (ay. Ann. Temps.: 77.5°-51° F ; Ay. Ann. Rainfall C. 9 ...
Kalidasa
Kalidasa, The Most Illustrious Name Among The Writers Of The Second Epoch Of Sanskrit Literature, Which, As Contrasted With The Age Of The Vedic Hymns, May Be Characterized As The Period Of Artificial Poetry. The Extremely Corrupt Form Of The Prakrit Or Popular Dialects Spoken By The Women And The ...
Kalmuck
Kalmuck, An Autonomous 6ocianst Soviet Republic, Con Stituted 1935, Extending From The Right Bank Of The Volga To The Manich Depression On The South-west, And The Dagestan A.s.s.r. On The South-east, And From The Ergeni Hills On The West To The Caspian Sea On The East. It Was Created In ...
Kaluga
Kaluga, A Province Of The Russian S.f.s.r., Surrounded By Those Of Moscow, Smolensk, Briansk, Orel And Tula, And Not Coinciding Exactly With The Pre-1917 Province Of The Same Name. Area 25,687 Sq.km. Pop. (1926) 1,151,656. Its Surface Is An Undulating Plain (800-900 Ft.), Deeply Entrenched By Rivers, The Town Of ...
Kamchatka
Kamchatka (kahm-chatla), A Province Of The Far East Ern Area, Russian S.f.s.r., Including The Peninsula Of Kamchatka, And Also That Part Of The Mainland Lying North Of Cape Viligin (north Of The Town Of Tumansk In 6o° 4o' N., 156° So' E.), And East Of A Line Going Along The ...
Kamenets Podolskiy Or Podolian
Kamenets Podolskiy Or Podolian Kame Nets, A Town In The Ukrainian S.s.r., In 48° 43' N., 26° 35' E., On A High, Rocky Bluff Of The Smotrich, A Left Hand Tributary Of The Dniester. It Is On The Bessarabian Frontier, Opposite To The Castle Of Khotin. The Town (polish Kamieniec), ...
Kanara
Kanara, The Name Of Two Adjoining Districts, British India : North Kanara In The Presidency Of Bombay, South Kanara In That Of Madras. Both Are On The Western Coast. In The More Open Glades, The Whole Is One Broad Waste Of Woodland And Forest. Of The Rivers Flowing Eastward From ...
Kandahar
Kandahar, The Second City In Afghanistan, Situated In 31° 37' N. And 65° 43' E., 3,400 Ft. Above Sea, 37o M. N.w. From Herat. The Indian Railway System Extends To New Chaman, Within Some 8o M. Of Kandahar. Immediately Round The City Is A Plain, Highly Cultivated And Well Populated ...
Kangaroo
Kangaroo, An Australian Pouched Mammal (marsupial) With The Hind Limbs Enlarged For Hopping And A Long Thick Tail. The Enlarged Median Lower Incisors Point Forward And Are Used In Snipping Grass And Other Vegetation, Which Is Cut Up By The Sharp Cross-crests Of The Molar Teeth. The Kangaroo (a Native ...
Kanishka
Kanishka, King Of Kabul, Kashmir, And North-western India In The 2nd Century A.d., Was A Tatar Of The Kushan Tribe, One Of The Five Into Which The Yue-chi Tatars Were Divided. His Dominions Extended As Far Down Into India As Madura, And Prob Ably As Far To The North-west As ...
Kano
Kano, The Name Of A City And Province Of Northern Nigeria, British West Africa. Area Of The Province, 17.602 Sq.m. ; Pop. (1931) 2,436,844. The People Are Hausa, With A Considerable Admixture Of Fula. Situated Roughly Midway Between The Niger And Lake Chad, It Is Mainly Undulating Plains, Park-like In ...
Kansas
Kansas, Popularly Known As The "sunflower State," Is The Central Commonwealth Of The United States, Lying Between 37° And 40° N. And 38' And 102° I' 34" W. It Is Bounded On The North By Nebraska, On The East By Missouri, On The South By Oklahoma, And On The West ...
Kansas City
Kansas City, A City Of Jackson County, Missouri, U.s.a., On The Missouri River, At The Mouth Of The Kansas (locally Called The "kaw"), Adjoining Kansas City, Kan.; A Port Of Entry And The Second City Of The State In Size And Importance. It Is On Fed Eral Highways 24, 40, ...