Frederic Cesar De La
La Harpe, Frederic Cesar De, B. Switzerland; Having Imbibed Strong Republican Principles In His Youth, Was Dissatisfied With The Political Condition Of His Country, And Even Contemplated Emigrating To America To Aid The Cause Of The Revolt Ing Colonies. He Was Dissuaded From This Intention Through An Appointment As Tutor ...
Frederic Lemaitre
Lemaitre, Frede:ric, 1798-1876; B. France; The Son Of Professional Actors. He Studied For The Stage At The Eonservatoire Of Paris, And Had The Advantage Of The Sympathy And Aid Of The Great Talma. His First Appearance Was Made At The Odeon, But It Was Not Until Some Time After That ...
Free Church In Italy
Italy, Free Church In, Established By The Italian Patriot And Reformer Gavazzi. It Originated With The Dawn Of Civil Liberty In 1848, When Men Began To Read The Bible, Though For The Act They Were Sent To Prison And Exile. But In 1853 It Free Church Was Begun In Turin. ...
Friedrich Gottlieb Elopstock
Elopstock, Friedrich Gottlieb, A German Poet, Was B. July 2, 1724, At Quedlin Burg, And Went To Jena In 1745 To Study Theology'. He Had Already Formed The Resolution To Write A Great Epic Poem, And Thought Of Henry The Fowler As A Gccd Subject For One; And At Jena ...
Friedrich Heinrich Jacomi
Jacomi, Friedrich Heinrich, A German Philosopher, B. At Dusseldorf, Jan. 25. 1743. He Was Educated At Frankfort, Whence He Proceeded To Geneva With A View To Preparing Himself For A Mercantile Career. In 1770 He Was Appointed Councilor Of Finance For The Duchies Of Berg And Jiilich, And Having Married ...
Friedrich Konig
Konig, Friedrich, The Inventor Of The Steam-press, Was The Son Of A Respectable Citizen Of Eisleben, And Was B. There April 17, 1775. He Became A Printer, And Was Also For A Short Time A Bookseller, But Was Unsuccessful In This Business. Lie Eagerly Prose Cuted Literary And Scientific Studies. ...
Gaspar Melchior De Jovellanos
Jovella'nos, Gaspar Melchior De, 1744-1811; B. Gijon, Asturia, Of An Ancient And Noble Spanish Family; Studied At The Universities Of Oviedo, Avila, And Alcala; Was Appointed Immediately On Leaving College, In 1760, Judge Of The Criminal Court Of Seville; Was Made In 1778 Chief Judge Of The King's Court At ...
George Christian Frederick Leopold
Leopold I,, George Christian Frederick, King Of The Belgians, Son Of Francis Duke Of Saxe-coburg, Was B. Dee. 10, 1790. Ile Received An Excellent Literary And Scientific Education, And At The Conclusion Of His Studies Had The Reputation Of Being One Of The Best Informed Princes In Europe. The Marriage ...
George Henry Lewes
Lewes, George Henry, A Versatile And Influential English Author, Was B. At Griff, Warwickshire, April 18, 1817, Educated At Various Schools, Studied Medicine For Some Time, And Finally Resolved To Devote Himself To Authorship. In His Twenty-first Year, He Proceeded To Germany, Where He Remained For Two Years, Studying The ...
George Jeffreys
Jeffreys, George, Lord, 1648-1689; An English Lawyer, Who Rose To High Position On The Bench, But Disgraced The Ermine And Rendered His Name Infamous Forever By His Needless Cruelties And The Unparalleled Brutality Of His Manners. He Was The Son Of A Squire Of Small Means, Who, However, Contrived To ...
George Keith
Keith, George, About 1640-1715; B. Aberdeen, Scotland; Educated For The Presbyterian Ministry At The University There. He Adopted Quaker Principles About 1664, And Was Subsequently Associated With Both Robert Barclay And George Fox In Public Discussions For The Defense Of The Sect. In 1682 He Taught A Quaker School, And ...
Giacomo Leopardi
Leopardi, Giacomo, Count, A Modern Poet And Classical Scholar Of Italy, Was B. At Recanati, A Town In The March Of Ancona, On June 29, 1798. Without The Aid Of Instrucairs, Leopardi, At The Age Of 17, Had Attained To A Degree Of Classical Scholarship Almost Marvelous. Latin And Greekbe ...
Giffards Injector
Injector, Giffard's, Is Now In General Use For Feeding Water Into Steam-boilers, Particularly Locomotive Boilers. Feed-pumps Are Difficult To Keep In Order When Driven At High Speed. The Very Rapid Action Of The Valves Severely Tries Their Durability. In Tire Case Of Locomotives, Inconvenience Was Often Occasioned By Tire Fact ...
Gospel Of John
John, Gospel Of (jorrn, Ante), I., Was One Of The Books Of The New Testament Which Were Of Standard Authority In The Council Of Nice, 325 A.d., As Possessed And Acknowledged To Be Of Apostolic Origin By All The Churches Of Christendom. In This Judgment Both The Parties, Orthodox And ...
Gottfried Wiltielm Ton Leibnitz
Leibnitz, Gottfried Wiltielm Ton (ante), Not Only One Of The Most Remarkable Examples Of Universal Scholarship, But Also Of Early Acquirement, Excelling In Precocity The Prodigy Chatterton; For, Although He Did Not Reach Maturity As Soon As Chatterton, He Excelled Him In Mental Power And Acquirements At An Early Age. ...
Gotthold Lessing
Lessing, Gotthold Emrnapr, An Illustrious German Author And Literary Reformer, Was B. Jan. 22, 1729, At Kamenz, In Saxon Upper Lusatia, Where His Father Was A Clergy Man Of The Highest Orthodox Lutheran School. After Spending Five Years At A School In Meissen, Where Lie Worked Very Hard, Lie Proceeded ...
Gottlieb William Leitner
Leitner, Gottlieb William, Ph.d., B. At Pesth, Hungary, 1330. His Father, A German Physician, Becoming Involved In The Revolution Of 1849, Went To Turkey, Where Gottlieb, Who Had Been Well Instructed In The Classics, Became Master Of The Turkish, Ara Bic, And Modern Greek. He Also Learned English, French, And ...
Guiliatme Brutus Timoleon Libri Carrucci
Libri-carrucci, Guiliat:me Brutus Timoleon, Count, French Mathe Matician And Bibliographer, Son Of An Italian Refugee, Who Was Condemned At Lyons In 1816 For Forgery, Was B. At Florence Jan. 2, 1803. Having Early Devoted Himself To The Study Of Mathematics, He Became Professor In The University Of Pisa, Where He ...
Gyougy Klapka
Klapka, Gyougy (geonete), One Of The Most Heroic And Skillful Generals Of The Hungarian War, Is The Son Of The Burgomaster Of Temesvar, And Was B. April 7, 1820. In 1838 He Entered The Austrian Army, And Had Attained The Rank Of Lient.col, When The Revolution Of 1848 Burst Out. ...
Hannah F Lee
Lee, Hannah F., 1780-1865; B. Mass.; Daughter Of Dr. Sawyer, An Eminent Physician Of Newhuryporh She Married George G. Lee, Of Boston, And For Many Years Devoted Her Time To Literature. In 1835 She Published Grace Seymour, A Novel, But Nearly The Whole Of The Edition Was Destroyed At The ...
Henri Masers De Latude
Latude, Henri Masers De, 1725-1805; B. France; Having Served A Number Of Years In The French Army, Began The Study Of Mathematics In Paris. A Trick, Easily Discovered, By Which He Hoped To Gain The Favor Of Mine. De Pompadour, Made Him The Victim Of Unmerited Condemnation For The Period ...
Henry Kater
Kater, Henry, A Mechanist Of Considerable Eminence, Was B. At Bristol In 1777, And D. In London In 1830. At His Father's Desire, He Began The Study Of The Law, But In 1794 Relinquished His Legal Studies, And Obtained A Commission In The 12th Regiment Of Foot, Then Stationed In ...
Henry Petty Pitzmaiduce Lansdowne
Lansdowne, Henry Petty-pitzmaiduce, Third Marquis Of, An English Statesman, Was B. At Lansdowne House, London, July 2, 1780. His Father, The Celebrated Earl Of Shelburne, Was Premier To George Iii., And Received The Coronet Of A Marquis In 1784. Lansdowne (then Lord Henry Petty) Was A Younger Son, And Was ...
Hugh Latimer
Latimer, Hugh, One Of The Most Distinguished Of The English Reformers, Was B. At. Thurcaston, In Leicestershire, In The Year 1490 Or 1491. He Was Educated At Cambridge, . And After A Brief Period Of Zealous Devotion To The Papacy (" I Was As Obstinate A Papist," He Says. "as ...
Hughes Lamennais
Lamennais, Hughes Felicitil Robert De, A Celebrated Politico-religious Writer Of France During The Present Century, Was Born Of A Family Engaged In The Shipping Trade At Malo, June 6, 1782. With The Exception Of Some Instruction In Latin, Which He Received From His Elder Brother, Lamennais Was, Owing To The ...
Iiora La Icaw
La Icaw,iior.a, Alfonso Febbero, Marquis De, An Italian General And Statesman, B. Nov. 17, 1804. In 1816 He Entered The Military Academy, Where He Received The Grade Of Lieutenant In The Artillery, Previous To Leaving In He Was Speedily Pro Moted To Be Adjt.maj., And Directed His Special Attention To ...
Illustrated Journalism
Journalism, Illustrated, That System Of Newspaper-making Whose Leading Feature Is The Pictorial Representation Of Events And Incidents, And The Illustration Of Scenes, Objects, And Places, By Engravings, Lithographs, Or Photographs. The First Illus Trated Approaching The Character Of Those Of The Present Day Was The Penny Published In England By ...
Infant
Infant (ante), In Law, Is A Person Held To Be Too Young To Assume The Full Respon Sibilities Of A Man Or A Woman. By Some Systems Of Law The Age Of Maturity Is Fixed At 25 Years, But By The English Common Law The Limit Is 21 Years For ...
Infant Schools
Infant Schools. Oberlin (q.v.), The Pastor Of Waldbach, In France, May Be Regarded As The Founder Of Infant Schools. He Appointed Females In His Own Parish To Assemble The Little Children Between The Ages Of Two And Six, His Object Being To Interest Them By Conversation, Pictures, And Maps, And ...
Infanticide
Infanticide, The Act Or Practice Of Murdering Infants, Which Is Abhorrent To Modern Civilization, Was Common In Ancient Times, And Now Prevails Among Ninny Barbarous Nations. It Prevailed In Greece And Rome, And (such Is The Force Of Custom) Found Defenders In Plato And Aristotle! • The Latter, In His ...
Infantry
Infantry (ante). The Term Infantry Was Originally Applied To A Body Of Men Collected By The Infante Of Spain. For The Purpose Of Rescuing His Father From The Moors. The Attempt Being Successful,• The Term Was Afterwards Applied To Foot-soldiers In Gen Eral, As Opposed To Cavalry. Among The Ancient ...
Infinite
Infinite. This Word Is The Source Of Muck Controversy And Difference Of Opinion. Some Hold That There Corresponds To Infinity A Distinct Notion, Which We Are Entitled To Entertain And Reason About, With The Same Confidence That We Discuss Measured Inter Vals, As A Yard Or Mile; While Others Maintain ...
Inflammation
Inflammation Is The Most Important Of All The Morbid Processes That Fall Under The Notice Of The Physician Or Surgeon. The Most Obvious Symptoms Or Phenomena Of Inflammation, When It Attacks An External Or Visible Part, Are Pain, Redness, Heat, And Swelling, Or, In The Wordi Of Coleus, "rubor Et ...
Inflection
Inflection Is A General Name Used By Grammarians For All Those Changes That Words Undergo When Placed In Relation To One Another In A Sentence. See Declension, Conjugation, Genitive. Most Of Iiicsc Changes Occur In The End Syllable Or Syllables Of The Word; And With Regard To These At Least, ...
Influenza
Influenza, One Of The Class Of Diseases To Which The Term Zymotie (q.v.) Is Now Applied, Has Been Long Recognized By Medical Writers, Although Its Name, Borrowed From The Italian, Is Comparatively Modern In This Country. Cullen Called It Eatarrhus E Contagio, Hut Although, In Most Cases, It Closely Resembles ...
Infusoria
Infuso'ria, A Class Of The Sub-kingdom Of Animals Called Protozoa (q.v.). The Term, Originally Almost Synonymous With Animalcules (q.v.), Is Now Very Much Restricted In Its Signification. It Was First Used By Otto Friederich Muller, And Was Adopted By Cuvier, Who Made The Infusoria The Last Class Of 1•adiata (q ...
Inhalation
Inhalation, In Medicine, A Terip Used To Signify The Breathing Into The Lungs Of Vapors Or Gases For Anmsthesm, Or For More Strictly Curative Purposes. The Inhalation May Be Accomplished In A Variety Of Ways. The Ordinary Manner Of Admin Istering Chloroform Or Ether Is To Fold A Napkin In ...
Injunction
Injunction (ante), In Legal Practice. A Writ Of A Court With Equity Jurisdiction. Addressed To A Party Or Parties Defendant, Commanding The Performance Or Non Performance Of Some Specific Act. It Is Either Prohibitory Or Mandatory: In The One Case Forbidding A Certain Act, In The Other Commanding Something To ...
Inlaying
Inlaying Is The Art Of Decorating Flat Surfaces By The Insertion Of Similar Or Differ Ent Materials; Thus, Wood Of One Color Is Decorated By Inlaying With Others Of Different Colors: To This Kind Of Inlaying The French Term Marqueterie Is Now Generally Applied. Metal Of One Kind Is Inlaid ...
Inman John Obrien
Inman. John O'brien, Son Of Henry, An Artist. From The West, Where Lie Had Gained A Reputation As A Portrait Painter, Be Came To New York And Opened A Studio. His Flower-pieces And Genre Pictures Have Been Much Admired, And Found A Ready Sale. He Went To Italy In 1866. ...
Innocent M Lottiario Conti
Innocent M. (lottiario. Conti), By Far The Greatest Pope Of This Name, Was B. At Anagni In 1161. After A Course Of Much Distinction At Paris, Bologna, And Rome, He Was Made Cardinal; And Eventually, In 1198, Was Elected, At The Unprecedentedly Early Age Of 37, A Successor Of Pope ...
Innocent Xi Benedetto Odescalcii1
Innocent Xi. (benedetto Odescalcii1), Elected In 1676, Was One Of The Most Dis Tinguished Among The Popes Of The 17th Century. He Was A Vigorous And Judicious Reformer, And His Administration Is Entirely Free From The Stain Of Nepotism, Which Had Sullied The Fame Of Many Of His Predecessors. But ...
Inns
Inns Of Court, The Name Given In England To Certain Voluntary Societies Which Have The Exclusive Right Of Calling Persons To The English Liar. There Are Four Such Socie Ties In London, Viz., The Inner Temple, The Middle Temple, Lincoln's Inn. And Gray's Inn. Each Of These Inns Possesses Certain ...
Innsbruck
Innsbruck, Capital Of The Tyrol, Is Charmingly Situated On The Inn, At Its Junction With The Sill, At The Height Of 1900 Ft. Above Sea-level, In The Midst Of A Valley, Surrounded By Mountains Ranging From 6,000 To 9,200 Ft. High. It Lies On The Right Bank Of The 11111, ...
Inoculation
Inoculation. If The Matter Of A Variolous (or Small-pox) Pustule, Taken After The Commencement Of The Eighth Day, Be Inserted In Or Beneath The Skin Of A Person Who Has Not Previously Suffered From Small-pox, The Following Phenomena Are Induced: 1. Local Inflammation Is Set Up; 2. At Of Six ...
Inquisition
Inquisition (ante). The First Christian Emperors, Following The Example Of Their Predecessors In Regarding Themselves As Legal Toasters Of All Things Within The Empire, Assumed The Control Of Theological Opinion And The Punishment Of Errors Therein. Con Stantine Banished Arius, After His Condemnation By The Council Of Niewa, And Ordered ...
Insanity
Insanity Means All Unhealthiness Of Mind, This Consists, According To One Opinion, In Such Disorganization Or Degeneration Of The Nervous Structure As To Render The Exer Cise Of Reason Impossible; According To Another. It Consists In Disorder Of The Reason Itself; And According To A Third, In Perversion Or Destruction ...
Insanity
Insanity (ante), Unsoundness Of Mind. Unhealthiness And Unsoundness, Accord. Lug To General. Usage, Arc Not Synonymous Terms When Applied To The Mind. A Perfectly Healthy Mind Requires A Perfectly Healthy Body, And It Also Needs A Certain Healthy Or Normal Training. The Degree And Also The Quality Of Unhealthiness Or ...
Inscriptions
Inscriptions, A Term Applied To All Writings Engraved Or Written On Objects Or Monuments Not Of The Class Of Books, Principally On Hard Materials, Such As Metals, Stones, And Other Substances. They Arc A Class Of Documents Of The Highest Interest And Importance To History And Philology, And A Consideration ...
Insectivorous Birds
Insectivorous Birds. Recent Investigations, Especially M The Western Slates And Territories, Havti Brought More Fully Into Notice The Valuable Qualities Of Certain Birds, As To Their Power Of Decreasing The Multiplication Of Destructive Insects. Although Ornithologists Have Long Given Their Advice And Warnings, It Has Been The Mistake Of A ...
Insects
Insects, Insecta, One Of The Classes Of Articulata (q.v.), Or Articulated Animals, Of The Division Having Articulated Members. All The Articulate Having Articulated Members Were Included By Linfiteus In The Class Of Insects; Hut The Crustacea And Arachuida Were Soon Separated From It, And Afterwards The Myriapoda. See These Heads, ...
Insessores
Insesso'res (lat. Perchers), Or Perching Birds, An Order Of Birds Called Passerine (sparrow-like) Birds By Cuvier. In Respect Of The Number Of Species Which It Contains, It Is By Far Tire Largest Order Of The Whole Class Of Birds. Cuvier Says. " Its Character Seems At First Sight Purely Negative, ...
Insolvency
Insolvency (ante). The Distinction Between Insolvency And Bankruptcy, So Long Observed In England, Is Unknown In The United States, Where The Two Words Are Used Interchangeably In Legal Proceedings As Well As In Ordinary Speech. The Constitution Empowers Congress To " Establish Uniform Laws On The Subject Of Bankruptcies Th•ough ...
Inspiration
Inspiration (literally, Breathing Into) Is Applied In Theology To Denote The Action Of The Divine Mind Upon The Human Mind, Whereby The Latter Is Both Supernaturally Informed And Qualified To Communicate The Information Received. The Term Revelation Is Used More Distinctively To Express The First Part Of This Action, And ...
Instinct
Instinct. It Has Been Common To Describe The Actions Of The Lower Animals As Guided By Principles Different From What Obtains In The Human Constitution. The Power Of Self-preservation Is Considered As Reason In Man, And As Instinct In The Brutes; But This Contrast Does Not Contain A Real Opposition. ...
Institute Of France
Institute Of France. On The Revival Of Letters, Associations For Mutual Inter Course And Co-operation, Called Academies (q.v.), Were Formed In Italy And France, One Of Which, Composed Of Poets Of No Great Note, Was Converted By Richelieu Into A National Institution, Tinder The Name Of Academie Francaise, And Met ...
Insurance
Insurance, A Contract Of Indemnity, Whereby One Party, In Consideration" Of A Specified Payment, Called A " Premium," Undertakes To Guarantee Another Against Risk Of Loss. The First Principles Of Insurance Would Appear To Have Been Acted On At A Very Early Period, Since, Without Attaching Undue Importance To The ...
Intellect
Intellect, The Name For The Thinking Portion Of Our Mental Constitution. Mind Contains Three Elementary Constituents—emotion Or Feeling, Volition Or The Will, And Intelligence Or Thought. See Emotion, Will. The Intellectual Powers Are Explained In Part By Their Contrast With Feeling And Will. When We Enjoy Pleasure Or Suffer Pain, ...
Interdict
Interdict, An Ecclesiastical Censure Or Penalty In The Roman Catholic Church, Consisting In The Withdrawal Of The Administration Of Certain Sacraments, Of The Celebration Of Public And Of The Solemn Burial-service. Interdicts Are Of Three Which Affect A Particular Place, And Thus Comprehend All, Without Dis Unction, Who Reside_ Herem; ...
Interest
Interest, The Payment Due By The Borrowa A Sum Of Money To The Lender For I Its Use. The Interest Of £100 For One Year Is Called The Rate Per Cent; The Money Lent, The Principal; And The Sum Of Any Principal And Its Interest, The Amount. The Current Or ...
Interest_2
Interest (ante) Is Founded Upon The Principle That, As Capital Is The Fruit Of Labor, Its Possessor Is Therefore Entitled To Compensation For Its Use. A General Denial Of This, By Destroying One Of The Most Powerful Motives To Industry, Enterprise, Frugality, And Fore Sight, Would, It Is Now Generally ...
Interim
Interim, In The History Of The Reformation, The Name Given To Certain Edicts Of The German Emperor For The Regulation Of Religious And Ecclesiastical Matters -` In The Mean Time" (lat. Interim), Till They Could Be Decided By A General Council. The First Is The Thais Bon Interim, The Result ...
Intermarriage
Intermarriage. The Intermarriage Or Intercourse Of Near Relatives Has Been Uni Versally Believed To Entail Degeneration Upon The Offspring, And The Act Has Been Con Demned And Prohibited. The Physical Deformity And Mental Debasement Of The Cagots Of The Pyrenees, Of The Macrons Of Auvergne, Of The Sarrasins Of Dauphine, ...
Intermittent Fever
Intermittent Fever (ante), A Form Of Fever Characterized By Febrile Parox Ysms And Intermissions. It Is Also Called Fever And Ague, Chills And Fever, Shaking Fever, And Periodical Fever. It Belongs To The Class Of Malarial Fevers Which Are Sup Posed To Originate In The Action Of In Miasm, Which ...
International
International Date-line.—the Line At Which Dates Change, Being Made Later By One Day By Those Who Cross The Line From East To West, And Earlier By One Day By Those Crossing It From West To East. • If A Person Start At Midday, That Is, When The Sun Was Shining ...
International Law
International Law Is Divided Into Public International Law And Private Inter National Law. 1. Public International Law, Or The Law Of Nations, Consists Of Those Rules Which Independent Nations Agree Among Themselves To Be Just And Fair In Regulating Their Dealings With Each Other In Times Of War And Peace. ...
International Workingmens Association
International Workingmen's Association, Commonly Known As The International, Organized In 1864 At London By An Assemblage Of Workingmen From The Principal Countries Of Europe, Is An Association Of Trades-unions Designed To Protect The Working-classes Against The Power Of Capitalists, And Seeking To Overthrow The System Of Paying Labor With Wages ...
Interoceanic Ship Canal
Interoceanic Ship Canal. One Of The Greatest Schemes To Facilitate The Commerce Of The World Is The Project For The Construction Of A Slip Canal Across The Isthmus Joining North And South America—a Scheme Which Has Been Contemplated Since An Early Period In The History Of America. In The Search ...
Interoceanic Ship Railway
Interoceanic Ship Railway. Capt. James B. Eads, The Projector Of A Railway Across The American Isthmus For Transporting Ships, Presented The Essential Features Of His Plan To The Canal Committee Of The House Of Representatives In March, 1880. Of Its.kind, The Scheme Is In Many Respects More Ambitious Than Any ...
In Insurance
Insurance, In Law.—the Law On The Subject Of Insurance Is Substantially The Same Throughout The United Kingdom. Fire Lasurance.—the Contract Is Generally Preceded By Proposals, In Which Case The Proposals And Policy Of Insurance Must Be Read Together, If The Policy Refers To These Proposals. In Order To Insure Property, ...
In Interest
Interest, In Law.—in England And Ireland, When A Debt Has Been For Some Time Due, There Is No Obligation Imposed On The Debtor By The Common Law To Pay Any Interest Whatever, Though The Sum Has Been Fixed And Often Demanded. The Creditor Can Always Sue For His Debt, Which ...