Jefferson
Jefferson, Thomas, American States Man, Third President Of The United States; H. Shadwell, Albemarle County, Va., 13 April 1743; D. Monticello, Albemarle County, Va., 4 July 1826; Student At William And Mary Col Lege, Williamsburg. Va., 1760-62; Student Of Law 1762-67; Member Of House Of Burgesses 1769-74; Member Of Virginia ...
Jeffersonton
Jeffersonton, Engagement At. Early In October 1863 The Army Of The Potomac, Under Command Of General Meade, Lay Around Culpeper Court House, With The Advance Of Two Corps On The Rapidan. General Lee, Who Was South Of The Rapidan, Determined To Flank Meade's Position, Seized The Orange And Alex Andria ...
Jeffersonville
Jeffersonville, Ind., City And County Seat Of Clark County, On The Ohio River, The Baltimore And Ohio Southwestern, The Pitts Burgh, Cincinnati, Chicago And Saint Louis, And The Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago And Saint Louis Railroads, 125 Miles Southwest Of Cincin Nati, 50 Miles Northeast Of Evansville And 108 Miles South ...
Jehovah
Jehovah, An Erroneous Pronunciation Of The Name Of The God Of Israel In The Bible, Due To Pronouncing The Vowels Of The Term "adonay," The Marginal Masoretic Reading,. With The Consonants Of The Text-reading "yahweh,* Which Was Not Altered To Avoid The Profanation Of The Divine Name For Magical Or ...
Jehovist
Jehovist, 1e-ho'vist, Sometimes Called Jahwist, A Hypothetic Author Of The Pentateuch, Who Used The Word Jehovah, Or Jahweh, As The Name Of God Instead Of Elohim, Which Term Denotes The Supreme Being In Other Passages Of The Sacred Canon. To The Writer Who Employs The Latter Designation Is Applied The ...
Jellicoe Of Scapa
Jellicoe Of Scapa), British Admiral : B. 5 Dec. 1859. His Father, Capt. J. H. Jellicoe, Was For Merly Commodore Of The Royal Mail Steam Packet Company, And His Great-grandfather, Adm. Philip Patton, Was Second Sea Lord At The Time Of Trafalgar. Jellicoe Entered The Navy In 1872 And Served ...
Jelliffe
Jelliffe, Smith Ely, American Physician: B. Brooklyn, N. Y., 27 Oct. 1866. He Was Graduated From The Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute In 1886 And In 1889 The Degree Of M.d. Was Conferred Upon Him At Columbia University. In 1900 He Received The Degree Of Ph.d. From The Same University. He Was ...
Jelly
Jelly Includes Every Translucent Juice So Far Thickened As To Coagulate When Cold Into A Trembling Mass; As The Juices Of Acid Or Muci Laginous Fruits, Currants, Etc., Which, By The Addition Of One Part Of Sugar To Two Parts Of Juice, And, By Boiling, Have Obtained A Proper Consistence. ...
Jellyfish
Jellyfish, The Medusa-stage Of Hydro Zoa (q.v.), But More Especially The Common Name Of Scyphozoa (formerly Discomedusa), The Second Class Of The Phylum Calenterata (q.v.). A Familiar Example Is The Common Large Jellyfish Of The Coast Of New England, Aurelia Flavidula. It Sometimes Reaches The Diameter Of 10 Inches; Its ...
Jenatsch
Jenatsch. Ya'natch, Georg, Or Jdrg, Swiss Political Leader And Soldier: B. 1596; D. Coire, 24 Jan. 1639. He Was Educated At Zurich And Basel And Became Pastor Of The Protestant Church At Scharaus, Near Tunis, In 1617. He Entered Politics, Espousing The Cause Of The Venetian And Protestant Salis Family ...
Jenkin
Jenkin, Henry Charles Fleming, Eng Lish Engineer: B. Near Dungeness, Kent, 25 March 1833; D. Edinburgh, 12 June 1885. He Took His M.a. At The University Of Genoa In 1850 And In 1851 Began His Career As An Engi Neer At Manchester. He Afterward Was With The Submarine Cable-works At ...
Jenkins Ferry
Jenkins Ferry, Battle Of. During The Winter Of 1863-64 The Union Forces Of Generals Steele And Blunt Held The Line Of The Arkansas River, With Headquarters At Little Rock; The Confederates, Under Gen. Sterling Price, Held That Of The Washita, With Headquarters At Cam Den, Which Was Strongly Fortified. On ...
Jenks
Jenks, Jeremiah Whipple, American Po Litical Economist: B. Saint Clair, Mich., 2 Sept. 1856. He Was Graduated From The University Of Michigan In 1878, And Subsequently Studied In Germany, At The University Of Halle. He Then Studied Law And Was Admitted To The Michigan Bar. In 1879-83 He Was Professor ...
Jenner
Jenner, Jen'er, Edward, English Physi Cian, Discoverer Of Vaccination As A Preventive Of The Smallpox : B. Berkeley, Gloucestershire, 17 May 1749; D. There, 26 Jan. 1823. Having Adopted The Medical Profession, He Visited Lon Don To Attend The Lectures Of The Celebrated Anatomist, John Hunter, In Whose Family He ...
Jerboas
Jerboas, Jer-beaz Or Jer'bo-az, Small Rodents Of The Family Dipodide, Found In The Sandy Plains Of Africa, Russia And Southern Asia, And Represented By A Few Species In North America. Their Most Prominent Peculiarity Is The Great Length Of The Hind Legs, Especially In The Metatarsal Portion, So That They ...
Jeremiah
Jeremiah. A Great Judean Prophet. He Seems To Have Been Born At Anathoth, The Mod Ern Anat, Three Miles North Of Jerusalem, C. 650 S.c., And Belonged To A Priestly Family Re Siding There. His Father Hilkiah Has Been Identified With The Discoverer Of The Law (2 Kings Xxii, 28) ...
Jerome
Jerome, Je-rom' Or Jer'en, Saint (euse Bius Hieronymus Sophronius), A Father Of The Latin Church: B. Stridon, Between Styria And Hungary, About 331; D. Bethlehem 420. His Parents Educated Him With Care In Literary Studies And He Read The Greek And Roman Classics At Rome Under The Famous Gram Marian ...
Jerrold
Jerrold, Jer'61d, Douglas William, Eng Lish Dramatist And Humorist: B. London, 3 Jan. 1803 ; D. Kilburn Priory, Near London, 8 June 1857. He Was A Midshipman In The Navy 1813 15, And Then Quitting The Service, Was Bound Ap Prentice To A Printer In London. By Hard Study He ...
Jersey
Jersey (jneii) City, N. J., The Most Important Suburb Of New York Since The An Nexation Of Brooklyn, The Second Largest City In New Jersey, And Seat Of Hudson County. It Occupies About Five Miles Of The Hudson River Frontage Opposite Lower New York: Paulus Hook, Its Starting Point, Is ...
Jerusalem
Jerusalem, Councils Or Synods Of, A Number Of Councils Held At Jerusalem After The Meeting Of The Apostles (acts Xv), Of Which Six Are Of Prime Importance. (1) The First Ecclesiastical Council, Believed To Have Been Held About 47 And Mentioned In Acts Xv, Discussed The Extent To Which Judaic ...
Jerusalem
Jerusalem (greek Hierousalem• Old Hebrew Pronunciation, Yurushalem. Tel-el Amarna Tablets, Uru-sa-lins "city Of Peace"; As Syrian Monuments, Ur-sa-li-im-mu. The Greek And Latin Hierosolyma Is A Corruption, From The Erroneous Supposition That The First Syllable Is Greek Hieros, Sacred. Hadrian Renamed It Capitolino, And Its Official Name Was Long Even Arabicized ...
Jerusalem Delivered
Jerusalem Delivered. In Dealing With The (1581), Critics Have The Advantage Of Knowing From Tasso's Dialogues And From His Later Version Of The Poem Regained,) 1593), The Con Siderations Which Determined For The Author Its Content And Its Form. In His Critical Theory And Rnamen0 Are Basic And Distinct Categories; ...
Jerusalem Plank Road
Jerusalem Plank Road, Engage Ment Near. After The Battle Of Cold Harbor (q.v.), 1-3 June 1864, General Grant Crossed To The- South Of James River, Made Unsuccessful Assaults Upon The Petersburg Intrenchments, 15 18 June, And- Then Determined To Invest The City Partially By A Line Of Works Toward The ...
Jervis
Jervis, Or'vis Or Jativis, John, Earl. Of St. Vincent, British Admiral: B. Meadford, Staffordshire, 9 Jan. 1735; D. 14 March 1823. He Entered The Navy 4 Tan. 1749, Was Promoted Lieutenant 19 Feb. 175, Took Part In The Capture Of Quebec, And In 1759 Was Appointed To The Command Of ...
Jesu Dulcis Memoria
Jesu Dulcis Memoria ((testi! The Very Thought Of Thee)), The First Line Of A Poem Dating From The 12th Century. In The Earliest Manuscript It Consists Of 42 Stanzas Of Four Lines Each With A Single Rhythmic Scheme For Each Stanza. Twelve Stanzas Of This Poem Have Been Taken To ...
Jesuits
Jesuits, A Religious Order Of The Catholic Church Whose Members, Like Those Of Similar Societies, Solemnly Bind Themselves To Aspire To Perfection By Leading A Life Of Chastity, By Re Nouncing The Possession Of All Personal Prop Erty, And By Obedience To Lawful Superiors In All That Does Not Contravene ...
Jesup North Pacific Expedi
Jesup North Pacific Expedi Tion, The, An American Organization For Archaeological Research, Supported By Morris K. Jesup (q.v.), And Conducted Under The Aus Pices And Direction Of The American Museum Of Natural Flistory. The Work Began In 1897 In British Columbia. In That Year Prof. Harlan I. Smith Began To ...
Jesus Christ
Jesus Christ, The Founder Of The Chris Tian Religion. Four Documents Dating From The Second Half Of The 1st Century, The "gospels ,° Give Some Account Of The Life Of Jesus, Chiefly Confined To His Brief Public Work And Death. Beyond What They Give Little Is Known As To His ...
Jetties
Jetties Are Dikes At The Mouth Of A River Or Across A Harbor Bar To Increase The Riverine Or Tidal Current By Narrowing The Channel And Thus Scour Out A Deeper Bed, To Accommodate Navigation. Single Jetties Are Solely At The Mouths Of Rivers With Strong Currents, To De Flect ...
Jevons
Jevons, William Stanley, English Logi Cian And Economist : B. Liverpool, 1 Sept. 1835; D. Bexhill, Near Hastings, 13 Aug. 1882. He Was Graduated From University College, Lon Don. Having Obtained An Appointment In The Royal Mint, He Went To New South Wales In 1854, But Afterward Returned To England, ...
Jew Of Malta
Jew Of Malta, The. Marlowe's 'jew Of Malta' Is Memorable For At Least Three Rea Sons. It Was The Most Popular Play Of Its Pe Riod, If Not The Most Popular English Play Up To That Time. So Far As Is Known, The Plot Was En Tirely Original. Its Chief ...
Jewel
Jewel, John, English Bishop: B. Bude, Devonshire, 24 May 1522; D. Moncton Parleigh, Near Laycock, Wiltshire, 23 Sept. 1571. He Was Educated At Merton And Corpus Christi Col Leges, Oxford, And Was Elected A Fellow Of Cor Pus Christi In 1542. He Was Greatly Influenced By The Teachings Of John ...
Jewelry
Jewelry, Ornaments For Personal Adorn Ment, Usually Made Of Gems And Precious Metals. At Some Remote Period Primitive Man Gradually Migrated Northward From The Tropical Belt In Which The Species Probably First Came Into Existence, And As He Felt The Colder Tem Perature Severe And Trying, Especially At Night, I ...
Jewelry Trade
Jewelry Trade, The. The Making Of Jewelry Is One Of The Oldest Trades Of Which The American Historian Can Find Record, For While The Manufacture Of Such Articles Of Adornment Occupied A Position Of Little Com Mercial Importance Until Several Years After The Settlement Of This Country By The Colonists, ...
Jewish Fraternities
' Jewish Fraternities. While So Cieties For Mutual Benefit Exist In Large Numbers Among The Jews In Every Land, In The United States The Fraternities Or Orders Have. Acquired Special Popularity, And Promote Not Alone Jew Ish Solidarity But Aid In Maintaining Many Chari Table Institutions. These Organizations As A ...
Jewish National Organiza Tions
Jewish National Organiza Tions In The United States. With The Rapid Increase In Recent Decades Of The Jewish Population, Due Chiefly To Enforced Emi Gration From Parts Of Europe Where Anti Jewish Legislation And Unfavorable Economic Conditions Have Long Prevailed, Jewish Com Munities Have Markedly Developed In Numbers And Influence ...
Jicarilla
Jicarilla, A Tribe Of North American Indians Of Athapascan Stock, Originally Occupy Ing Portions Of Arizona And New Mexico But Now Settled On A Reservation Near Tierra Amarilla In Northern New Mexico. The Tribe At One Time Comprised Two Bands, The Llanero And The 011ero, Ranging On Different Banks Of ...
Jimenez De Rada
Jimenez De Rada, Rodrigo, Spanish Archbishop And Historian : H. Probably Puente La Reina, Navarra. About 1170; D. 1247. He Studied At Paris, Entered The Franciscan Order And Became Archbishop Of Toledo In 1208 Or 1210. He Was A Dominant Figure Of His Time, A Learned Writer, Statesman, Warrior And ...
Jiu Jitsu
Jiu Jitsu (written Also Ju-jutsu And Jiu Jitsu), The Japanese Method Of Personal Attack And Self-defense, Literally Meaning The Art Of Making One's Opponent Use His Strength To His Own Disadvantage. There Are Many Methods, But Only One Is Recognized As Official, That De Vised By Prof. Jiguro Kano, Principal ...
Joachim
Joachim, Yol-nim, Joseph, Hungarian Violinist: B. Kittsee, Near Presburg, 28une 1831; D. Berlin, 15 Aug. 1907. He Was Of Jew Ish Parentage And Studied Under Szervaczinsky At Budapest, With Bohm At Vienna And Haupt Mum At The Vienna Conservatory, And After Appearances In Concert Continued His Studies At Leipzig. He ...
Joachim De Floris
Joachim De Floris, Italian Mystic Theologian: B. Celico, Near Cosenza, Calabria, About 1145; D. Monte Nero 20 March 1202. Of Noble Birth He Was Brought Up At The Court Of Duke Roger Of Apulia And In His Youth Visited The Holy Places Of The East. Soon After His Return He ...
Joan
Joan, Pope, Mythical Female Pope, Sup Posed To Have Occupied The Papal' Chair In The Guise Of A Man As Pope John Viii, 855-58. As There Was No Interregnum Between Pope Leo Iv, 847-55 And Pope Benedict Iii, 855-58, The Story Is Undoubtedly Pure Fable; And Moreover No Mention Is ...
Joash
Joash (or Jehoash, As It Is Some Times Written), King Of Judah, Was The Great Grandson Of Ahab And Grandson Of The Wicked Athaliah Who Sought To Put Him Out Of The Way. He Was Also A Direct Descendant Of David. He Was Hidden Away In A Lumber Room Of ...
Joel
Joel, Book Of. The Book Consists Of Two Parts, Which Differ Materially From Each Other In Thought. Chapters I And Ii, 1-27, Except For Possible Later Additions, Were Written In The Midst Of A Plague Of Locusts And Drought, Re Garded As A Punishment Upon Israel; While Chapter Ii, 28-32 ...
Joffre
Joffre, Zho'fri, Joseph Jacques Cesaire, Marshal Of France: B. Rivesaltes, Pyrenees, 4 Jan. 1852. He Was Educated At The College Of Perpignan And In 1868 Was Enrolled At The Ecole Polytechnique As A Student Of Military Engineering. He Joined The French Army As Second Lieutenant During The Franco-prussian War Of ...
Johannesburg
Johannesburg, Yo-hinines-boorg Or J6-han'ns-berg, South Africa, The Most Populous City And The Commercial Metropolis Of South Africa, Situated 5,735 Feet Above The Sea, About 30 Miles Southwest Of Pretoria, In The Transvaal, With Which And With Delagoa Bay 364 Miles, Durban 483 Miles, East London 659 Miles, Port Elizabeth 715 ...
John
John, King Of England: B. Oxford, 24 Dec. 1166; D. Newark, Nottinghamshire, 19 Oct. 1216. He Was The Youngest Son Of Henry Ii, By Eleanor Of Guienne. Being Left Without Any Particular Provision He Received The Name Of Sans Terre Or Lackland; But His Brother, Rich Ard I, On His ...
John Crerar Library
John Crerar Library, The, A .free Public Library, Established In Chicago, Ill., In 1894, In Accordance With The Provisions Of The Will Of The Late John Crerar. Mr. Crerar, A Prominent Merchant Of The City, Had No Near Relatives And Left $600,000 In Personal Bequests, Nearly $1,000,000 To Many Of ...
John Iii
John Iii (sosiesici), King Of Poland: B. Olesko, Galicia, 2 June 1624; D. 17 June 1696. After Receiving His Education At Home He Trav Eled In France, England, Italy And Germany With His Brother, Returning In 1648 On His Father's Death. John Casimir Appointed Him Standard-bearer To The Crown, And ...
John Inglesant
John Inglesant, By J. Henry Short House, A Well-known Novel First Published In 1881 Belongs To The Type Of Fiction Represented By Kingsley's (hypatia' And Pater's 'marius The Epicurean.' The Author Called It A °philo Sophical Romance," Designing It To Be A Means Of Presenting Philosophy Under The Guise Of ...
John Woolmans Journal
John Woolman's Journal. Charles Lamb's Advice, °get The Writings Of John Woolman By Heart,* Is Well Known, And Other Sensitive And Idealistic Critics, English And American, Have Been Equally Enthusiastic Over Woolman's Chief Work, His Journal; But Among Practical Americans Of To-day, It Is To Be Feared That The Book ...
John Of Damascus
John Of Damascus, Saint; Also Known As John Damascene And John Chry Sorrhoas — Eloquent), The Last Of The Greek Fathers: B. Damascus Toward The End Of The 7th Century; D. About 753. The Son Of A Syrian Christian Bearing The Arabic Name Of Mansur, Who Held A Government Office ...
John The Baptist
John The Baptist, The "forerun Ner Of Jesus The Christ. He Was The Son Of Zacharias, A Jewish Priest, Whose Wife, Eliza Beth, Was Also Of A Priestly Family. The Dates Neither Of His Birth Nor Of His Entrance On His Public Work Can Be Fixed With Unmistakable Certainty. For ...
Johns Hopkins University
Johns Hopkins University, A University At Baltimore, Md., Founded By Johns Hopkins, Who Was Born In Maryland And Amassed A Fortune In Baltimore. He Died In 1873 And Bequeathed $3,500,000 To Found A Uni Versity. Opened In 1876, It Is Now One Of The Foremost Universities In The United States. ...
Johnson
Johnson, Franklin, American Baptist Clergyman And Educator: B. Frankfort, Ohio. 2 Nov. 1836; D. 7 Oct. 1916. He Was Graduated From Colgate Seminary In 1861; Was Ordained A Baptist Minister In 1862, And Was Pastor At Bay City, Mich., 1861-63; Lambertville, N. J., 1864 66; Passaic, N. J., Newark, N. ...
Johnson
Johnson, Andrew, 17th President Of The United States: B. Raleigh, N. C., 29 Dec. 1808; D. Carter's Station, Tenn., 31 July 1875. Johnson's Father Died When The Boy Was 5 Years Old, And At 10 He Was Apprenticed To A Tailor In His Native Town. While At Work, Johnson Gained ...
Johnson_2
Johnson, John Albert, American Pub Lic Official: B. Saint Peter, Minn., 1861; D. Rochester, Minn., 21 Sept. 1909. When John Son Was Only 13 Years Old, His Father Died In The County Poorhouse Of Alcoholic Dementia, And He Was Forced To Leave School In Order To Support His Mother. He ...
Johnson_3
Johnson, Manuel John, English As Tronomer: B. Macao, China, 23 May 1805; D. 28 Feb. 1859. He Was Educated At Addiscombe College, England, Entered The Artillery (1821) At Saint Helena, Becoming Aide-de-camp To General Walker, Who Aided Him In Founding An Observatory On The Island. By 1833 He Had Secured ...
Johnson_4
Johnson, Richard Mentor, American Statesman And Soldier: B. Floyd's Station, Near Louisville, Ky., 17 Oct. 1780; D. Frankfort, Kv., 19 Nov. 1850. He Was Educated At Transyl Vania University, And Subsequently Studied Law And Practised With Success. He Commenced His Public Career As A Member Of The Kentucky Legislature, To ...
Johnson_5
Johnson, Samuel, American Preacher And Author: B. Salem, Mass., 10 Oct. 1822; D. North Andover, 19 Feb. 1882. He Was Gradu Ated From Harvard In 1842, And From The Har Vard Divinity School In 1846. He Joined No Religious Denomination, And .save For One Year With A Unitarian Church In ...
Johnson_6
Johnson, William Samuel, American Jurist: B. Stratford, Conn., 7 Oct. 1727; D. There, 14 Nov. 1819. He Was The Son Of The Rev. Samuel Johnson (q.v.), First President Of King's College (columbia University), New York. He Was Graduated From Yale In 1744, Was Ad Mitted To The Bar, Practised In ...
Johnson_7
Johnson, Boswell's Life Of. Boswell's 'life Of Johnson) Is One Of The World's Greatest Biographies. Apart From Its Intrinsic Literary Worth, It Is Of Historical Importance In That It Marks A Culminating Point In The General De Velopment Of Biography. From The Time Of Plutarch, And Before, Writers Had Been ...
Johnston
Johnston, Albert Sidney, American General: B. Mason County, Ky., 3 Feb. 1803; D. Shiloh, Miss., 6 April 1862. General Johns Ton Had But A Brief Career In The Confederate Army And The First Part Of That Career Was One Of Great Disaster And Consequently Of Severe Criticism; But He Fell ...
Johnston_2
Johnston, Annie Fellows, American Author: B. Evansville, Ind., 1863; Sister Of Al Bion Fellows Bacon (q.v.). She Is One Of Two Noted Sisters, Daughters Of Rev. Albion Fel Lows. She Was Educated At The State Univer Sity Of Iowa And Early Went Into Literature And Became Known As A Writer ...