Arius
Arius, An Alexandrian Theologian And Controversialist, The Father Of Arianism (q.v.) : B. In Libya, North Africa, About 256 A.d.; D. Constantinople, 336. He Was Educated Under Lucien At Antioch And Later Went To Alexandria, Where Several Years Afterward He So Severely Suffered From The Diocletian Persecution. He Was Ordained ...
Arizona
Arizona, University Of, State Institu Tion, Established By The Legislature In 1885 And Opened In 1891 At Tucson, Ariz. Its Buildings And Grounds Are Valued At About $500,000. The United States Government Appropriates Annually $50,000 To The Institution And The State Appro Priation Amounts $120,000. The Library Con Tains 23,000 ...
Arizona
Arizona (from The Former Papago Lo Cality Of Arizonac, Or Arizonaca, Probably Meaning °place Of Small Springs,* A Few Miles From The Present Nogales, Where Some Celebrat Ed Nuggets Of Silver Were Discovered In 1736 41. It Has No Connection With °arid Zone,* Etc.). A State Of The United States ...
Arkansas
Arkansas, Lielcan-si, The "bear State.* A South-central State Of The United States, Bounded On The North By Missouri, On The East Bor Missouri And The Mississippi River, On The South By Louisiana And Texas, On The West By Texas And Oklahoma. It Measures About 250 Miles North And South And ...
Arlon
Arlon, Argon, Belgium, The Capital Of The Province Of Luxembourg, In The Midst Of The Woods And Mountain Ridges Of The Ar Dennes. It Is A Thriving Place, With Manufac Tures Of Ironware, Leather, Tobacco, Earthen Ware And Clay Pipes. It Appears In The Antonine Itinerary, And From The Coins, ...
Armada
Armada, Ir-maida Or Fir-mi'da, The Spanish Name For Any Armed Force, Especially A Naval Force. The Term Spanish Armada Is Applied To That Great Naval Armament Which Philip Ii, In 1588, Fitted Out Under The Command Of The Duke Of Medina-sidonia And Martinez De Recaldo, Against Queen Elizabeth, With The ...
Armadillo
Armadillo (sp. Dim. Of Armada, Armed, Referring To Its Bony Shell). 1. A. Edentate, Mammal Of The Family Dastpodidee, Found In South And Central America And Notable For Its Defensive Armor. This Armor Consists Of Small Roundish Bony Plates, Ossified Within The Skin, And United To Form Solid Shields, One ...
Armagnacs
Armagnacs, The, Mercenary Bands, Derived Chiefly From The District Of Ar Magnac In Southern France, And Largely Trained In The Army Recruited In 1410 By Count Bernard Of Armagnac For His Contest With The Duke Of Burgundy. They Made Themselves Ex Tremely Oppressive In France Through Their Plundering; And When ...
Armed Neutrality
Armed Neutrality. The Term "armed Neutrality" Has Been Applied To The Collective Action Of The Neutral States Which Employ Their Armed Strength For The Purpose Of Compelling Belligerents To Respect Their Rights. There Have Been Two Well Known Examples Of Armed Neutralities, Namely Those Of 1780 And 1800. Both Were ...
Armenia
Armenia, A Mountainous Region Of Western Asia With An Area Of About 140,000 Square Miles. It Is Now Partitioned Among Turkey, Persia And Russia, Their Boundaries Meeting At Little Ararat. The Plateau Of Which Armenia Chiefly Con Sists Is A Continuation Of The Great Tranian Plateau. It Is Bounded On ...
Armfelt
Armfelt, Gustav Mauritz, Swedish Courtier And Diplomat: B. Finland, 31 March 1757; D. Tsarskoe-selo, 19 Aug. 1814. His Amiability, Brilliant Social Gifts And Unwavering Loyalty Commended Him To Gustavus Iii, Who Entrusted Him With Important Negotiations. In 1783 He Took Part In The Negotiations With Catherine H, With The Danish ...
Armida
Armida, A Grand Heroic Opera By Chris Toph W. Gluck (1714-87); Libretto By Philippe Quinault, A 17th Century Poet, Who Had Written It For Another Composer, Lully. It Is Founded On An Episode From Tasso's °gerusalemme Liberata,)) And Was Utilized By Gluck Nearly 100 Years After The Libretto Had Been ...
Arminianism
Arminianism, A Term Applied To A Cer Tain Phase Of Protestant Theology. In The Netherlands Early In The 17th Century There Was A Revolt Against The Doctrine Of Unconditional Election As Taught By The Rigid Calvinists. The Most Important Person, Though Not The First One, In This Revolt Was Jacob ...
Arminius
Arminius, The German National Hero Celebrated By His Fellow-countrymen As Their Deliverer From The Roman Yoke: B. 17 A.c.; D. 21 A.d. He Was The Son Of Segimer, A Prince Of The Cherusci, A Tribe Inhabiting Parts Of What Is To-day Brunswick And Hanover. His Early Life Was Spent In ...
Armor Piercing Projectiles
Armor-piercing Projectiles. Projectiles Intended For Practice At Objects Composed Of Wood, Masonry, Or Earth Are Made Of Cast-iron; But Since The Introduction Of Iron For The Defense Of Ships And For Fortifications, A Material Possessing Greater Hardness Than Ordinary Cast-iron Is Required To Overcome The Resistance Opposed By Thick Wrought-iron ...
Armor Plate
Armor Plate. The Idea Of Protect Ing Ships Of War And The Fronts Of Fortifications By Means Of Armor Plate Dates From About The Middle Of The 19th Century. In 1842 Experi Ments Were Conducted With Iron Plates Made By Riveting Together Plates Three-eighths Of An Inch In Thickness To ...
Armored Tractors
Armored Tractors. As The Re Sult Of Experiments Conducted In November 1915, At Fort Sill, Under The Direction Of The Field Artillery Board, With Caterpillar Tractors As Motive Power For Field Artillery, And Other Experiments Conducted Both At Fort Sill And The Rock Island Arsenal With Motor Trucks As Transports ...
Armour
Armour, Ogden, American Capitalist And Packer: B. In Milwaukee, Wis., 11 Nov. 1863, The Son Of Philip Danforth Armour And Malvin Belle Armour. His Mother Was A Daughter Of Jonathan Ogden, A Prominent Mer Chant Of Cincinnati, And His Father, Philip Dan Forth Armour, Was A Pioneer In The Meat ...
Armour Institute Of Tech
Armour Institute Of Tech This Institution Was Founded In 1892 By Mr. Philip Danforth Armour Of Chi Cago. The Work Of Instruction Was Begun In September 1893. The Aim Of The Institute Was Expressed In Its First Public Announcement As Follows: °this Institution Is Founded For The Purpose Of Giving ...
Arms
Arms. History.— When The Naked Sav Age Found Himself Face To Face With The Wild Beast, Hungry And Fierce, But Not Within Strik Ing Distance, He Swiftly Seized A Jagged Frag Ment Of Rock From The Ground And Hurled It With All His Force At The Blazing Eyes Before Him; ...
Arms And Armor
Arms And Armor. The Earliest Arms Were Everywhere Made Of Stone. Stone Was Succeeded By Bronze In The Manufacture Of Weapons Of War. The Commonest Warlike Relics Of The Bronze Age That Have Come Down To Us Are Daggers And Spear-heads. From The De Scriptions Of Homer We Know That ...
Armstrong Hopkins
Armstrong-hopkins, Salmi, Ameri Can Physician, Author And Lecturer: B. London, Ont., 21 Jan. 1855. She Was Educated At The High School, Blair, Neb., And At Northwestern University. She Studied Medicine At The Woman's Medical College, New York Infirmary And At The Woman's Medical College Of Penn Sylvania, Where She Was ...
Army
Army. Among Nations Of Antiquity All Men Capable Of Bearing Arms Were Liable To Be Called On To Serve As Soldiers, With The Ex Ception Of The Egyptians, Indians Of Aryan Race, And The Israelites. In The First Two Of These Nations The Warrior Formed A Separate Class Or Caste ...
Army Administration
Army Administration. The Ad Ministrative Branch Of The Government, Known As The War Department, And Presided Over By The Secretary Of War, Is Second To None In Real Importance. Much Of The Business Carried On By The Secretary Of War Has Little Or No Con Nection With The Military Arm ...
Army Commissary
Army Commissary. The Duties Of An Army Or Corps Commissary, Like Those Of Division, Brigade Or Regimental Commissaries, Are To See That All Troops With Or In His Par Ticular Command Are Properly Supplied With Good And Wholesome Food; These Duties For An Army Are, Of Course, On A More ...
Army Medical School
Army Medical School. A School Located In Washington, D. C. Its Personnel Consists Of The Faculty, Such Special Professors And Instructors As May Be Assigned To Tem Porary Duty At The School, The Students And Such Enlisted Men And Civilian Employees As Are Assigned To It For Duty. Its Object ...
Army Ration
Army Ration. There Are Three Vari Eties Of The American Army Ration, Garrison, Field And Emergency. The Garrison Ration Is Given Soldiers At Regularly Established Military Posts; While The Field Ration Is Issued To Troops In The Field In Active Campaign. The Emergency Ration Is A Condensed Ration, In Which ...
Army Regulations
Army Regulations. The Consti Tution Of The United States Provides That °con Gress Shall Have Power To Make Rules For The Government And Regulation Of The Land And Naval Forces.° The Only Acts Of Congress In Force, Authorizing The President To Make Regu Lations Better Defining The Powers And Duties ...
Army Reserve
Army Reserve. The Regular Army Reserve, Established In 1916, In The United States Consists Of Men Not Over 45 Years Of Age, Physically Qualified, Who Enlist For Four Years. The President Is Authorized To Assign Members Of The Army Reserve As Reserves To Particular Organizations Of The Army, Or To ...
Army Schools
Army Schools. New Inventions And Rapid Progress In The Development Of Materials Cause Radical Changes In The Methods Of Mak Ing War. It Is Necessary To Have Post-graduate Instruction In Many Forms To Keep Pace With Modern Improvements. The American Military Educational System Now Comprises: The United States Military Academy; ...
Army Service Corps
Army Service Corps, In The British Army, Is The Commissariat And Transport De Partment. The Corps Is Organized In 51 Horse Transport Companies, 18 Mechanical Transport Companies, 5 Supply Companies, And 4 Remount Companies. The Transport Companies Are Sta Tioned At The Various Large Garrisons At Home And In The ...
Army Staffs
Army Staffs. The General Command Ing A Large Body Of Troops Must Have Assistants To Generally Supervise The Fighting Forces Under His Command. These Assistants Form His "staff.* To A Certain Extent An Arbitrary Rule Decides What Portion Of The Latter Is Designated As "gen Eral Staff.' In Some Armies ...
Army Transport Service
Army Transport Service. At The Outbreak Of The War With Spain The Water Transportation In The Possession Of The United States Consisted Of A Few Small Tugs, Ferry Boats And Launches. Suddenly Confronted With The Necessity Of Dispatching Armies Across The Seas, It Is Not Surprising That Some 'confusion And ...
Army Transportation
Army Transportation. The European War Has Made A Radical Change In The Systems Of Army Transportation. Both Strategy And Tactics Have Been Affected By Motor Transport. The Strategical Mobility Of Troops Has Been Increased, And They Have Been Rendered Less Dependent Upon Lines Of Communi Cation. The Increased Size Of ...
Army And Navy Manoeuvres
Army And Navy Manoeuvres. The Object Of Manoeuvres Is To Train, In Time Of Peace, The Fighting Forces Of A Nation By Han Dling Them, As Far As Practicable, As In Time Of War, The Forces Designated Being Divided For This Purpose Into Two Opposing Bodies. Previous Military Training Is ...
Army Of The United
Army Of The United Army Organization. United The Land Forces Of The United States Are Classified Into The Regular Army, In Which Enlistment Is For Four Years With The Colors And Three In The Unorganized Army Reserve, The Officers Reserve Corps, And The Enlisted Reserve Corps, Forces Called Or Drafted ...
Arnauld
Arnauld, Ir-no', Ancient Noble Family, Among Whose Most Distinguished Members Are The Family Of Auvergne. (1) Angelique : B. Paris, 24 Nov. 1624; D. 24 Jan. 1684. She Was The Granddaughter Of The Great Arnauld And Was Abbess Of The Famous Nunnery Of Port Royal From 1678. Consult Lives By ...
Arndt
Arndt, 'sint, Ernst Moritz, German Poet And Patriot: B. Schoritz, On The Island Of Riigen (then Swedish Territory), 26 Dec. 1769; D. Bonn, 29 Jan. 1860. His Father Was A Prosperous Peasant And Gave His Son A Good Schooling With The Object Of Training Him For The Ministry. He Finished ...
Arnim Boytzenburg
Arnim-boytzenburg, Hans Georg Von, German General And Diplomatist: B. Boytzenburg 1581: D. Dresden 1641. He Took Part In The Russian War On The Side Of Gustavus Adolphus And Afterward Fought With Poland Against The Turks. He Is Chiefly Known Through His Attachment For Wallen Stein, By Whom He Was Induced ...
Arnobius
Arnobius (called Safer,' Sometimes "the Elder"), A Teacher Of Rhetoric : B. Numidia, Africa; Flourished About 300 A.d. At First He Was A Fierce Opponent Of Christianity; But He Was Converted And Wrote Seven Books, 'adver Sus Nationes' (or Gentes), In Which He Seeks To Refute The Charge Of His ...
Arnold
Arnold, Thomas, English Scholar, Headmaster Of Rugby School And Professor Of Modern History In The University Of Oxford: B. Cowes, Isle Of Wight, 13 June 1795; D. 12 June 1842. He Received The Elements Of His Education At Warminster, And At The Age Of 12 Was Removed To The Public ...
Arnold
Arnold, Benedict, American General, Commonly Known As B. Nor Wich, Conn., 14 Jan. 1741; D. London, Eng., June 1801. He Descended From A Leading Rhode Island Family; Was Fairly Educated. He Was Early Noted For Athletic Prowess, Reckless Daring And Resource, And As A Man Displayed A Proud, Passionate, Uncontrolled ...
Aromatic Compounds
Aromatic Compounds, A Numer Ous And Exceedingly Important Class Of Sub Stances, Fundamentally Differing From The Fatty Compounds In Constitution, And Named From The Fact That The Earliest Known Representatives Of The Class Were Resins, Oils And Balsams, Distin Guished By A Marked Aromatic Odor. The Name Is Now Applied ...
Around The World Records
Around-the-world Records. Many Years Have Elapsed Since Mr. Phineas Fogg, M. Jules Verne's Mythical Hero, Accom Plished The Supposedly Impossible Task Of Cir Cumnavigating The Globe In 80 Days, A Feat Which Won For Him A Wager Of $100,000 And Inciden Tally A Wife. Since That Time, However, So Many ...
Arran
Arran, Earls Of, The Extinct Scottish Title Of The Earls Of Arran (not To Be Confused With The Modern Irish Earls Of Arran— From The Arran Or Aran Islands, Galway—a Title Created In 1762), Borne By Some Famous Char Acters In Scottish History. Except The First Earl, Thomas Boyd And ...
Arras
Arras, Weis', France, Capital Of The De Partment Of Pas-de-calais, In The Middle Of An Extensive And Fertile Plain, On The Scarpe, Which Here Becomes Navigable. It Is An Im Portant Station On The French Northern Rail Way, Is 134 Miles By Rail From Paris And 97 Miles From Brussels. ...
Arrest
Arrest, The Seizure Of A Suspected Crim Inal Or Delinquent That Security May Be Taken For His Appearance At The Proper Time Before A Court To Answer To A Charge. Ordinarily A Person Can Be Arrested Only By A Warrant From A Justice Of The Peace; But There Are Exceptional ...
Arrest_2
Arrest, Military. Before An Officer Or Soldier, Or Other Person Subject To Military Law, Can Be Brought To Trial, He Must Be Charged With Some Crime Or Offense Against The Rules And Articles Of War, And Placed In Arrest. The Articles Of War Direct That Whenever Any Officer Shall Be ...
Arrianus
Arrianus, Flavius, A Celebrated Greek Philosopher And Historian: B. Nicomedia, Bi Thynia, Who Flourished In The 2d Century Under The Emperor Hadrian And The Antonines. He Was A Disciple Of Epictetus, Whose Lectures He Edited. While Residing In Greece He Gained The Friendship Of The. Emperor Hadrian, Who Bestowed Upon ...
Arrow Lake
Arrow Lake, The Name Given To An Ex Pansion Of The Columbia River, In British Co Lumbia, About 95 Miles Long From North To South. It Is Often Regarded As Forming Two Lakes — The Upper And Lower Arrow. The. This Play, Re Flective Of American Indian Life, Especially Of ...
Arrow Root
Arrow-root, A Fine-grained Starch Es Teemed For Making Desserts And Invalid Foods. It Is Extracted From The Underground Parts Of Various Tropical Plants, Especially Of The Genus Maranta Of The Family Marantacece. The Popular Name Is Said To Be Derived From The Practice Of The South American Indians Who Used ...
Arsenal
Arsenal, A Magazine, Or Place Appointed For The Making, Repairing, Keeping And Issuing Of Ordnance And Other Appliances Required In Warfare, Whether In The Army Or Navy. Some Times The Name Is Applied To An Establishment Where Such Articles Are Kept In Store Only, But The Chief Arsenals Also Embrace ...
Arsenic
Arsenic, Steel-gray Metal Having A High Lustre When Freshly Broken But Soon Tarnishing. It Is Very Brittle And Has A Specific Gravity Of 5.7. Compounds Of This Element Have Been Known For Many Centuries, Chiefly On Account Of Their Poisonous Character. The Yellow Sulphide Of Arsenic, Otherwise Called
Arsenical Poisoning
Arsenical Poisoning. Arsenic Is Now Used In So Many Ways That Accidental Poisoning Occurs Very Often. As A Poison Em Ployed In Committing Suicide, And For Slow Poisoning With Homicidal Intent, It Is Less In Favor Than Formerly. The Forms Of Poisoning Mostly Seen Are Of The Chronic Type. These ...
Arsenyev
Arsenyev, Konstantin Ivanovich, Ir-san'yef, Russian Statistician, Historian And Geographer: B. 12 Oct. 1789; D. Petrazavodsk, 29 Nov. 1865. He Was The Son Of A Priest Of The Village Of Mirkhanov,. Government Of Kos Troma, Chukhlomski District. He Was Educated In The Seminary Of Kostroma And The Peda Gogical Institute Of ...
Arsinoe
Arsinoe, Ir-sin'61, The Name Of Several Celebrated Women Of Antiquity, The Most Noted Of Whom Is The Daughter Of Ptolemy I Of Egypt, And Bernice: B. About 316 Lc.; She Married Lysimachus, King Of Thrace, In 300 A.c. Desirous Of Securing The Crown For Her Own Children, Arsinoe Persuaded Lysimachus ...
Arsuf
Arsuf, Palestine, A Town On The Coast, 12 Miles North Of Jaffa, Famous As The Scene Of A Victory Of The Crusaders Under Richard I Of England Over The Army Of Saladin. Art, In Its Broadest Sense, Is The Purpose Ful Exercise Of Human Activities For The Ac Complishment Of ...
Art Enamels
Art Enamels. Certain Art Produc Tions Beautified By Decoration In Enamel Are Termed By Connoisseurs Enamels. The Enamel Body Is Either Translucent Or Opaque. It Is Composed Of A Frit Or Flux Of Lead Glass. The Lead Ingredient Has For Its Chief Purpose The Lowering Of The Melting Point Of ...
Art Of War
Art Of War. The Art Of War May Be Conveniently Subdivided Into The Following Sec Tions: (a) The Organization Of Armies; (b) Logistics; (c) Strategy; (d) Engineering; (e) Tactics. The Organization Of Armies Is The Build Ing Up Necessary For The Application Of The Prin Ciples Of Strategy To Them. ...
Arteries
Arteries Are The Elastic Tubes Or Ves Sels That Carry Blood From The Heart To The Tissues Of The Body. They Owe Their Name, Which Was Connected By The Older Anatomists With The Greek Aer, Air, To The Belief That They Contained Air, Since They Were Found Empty After Death. ...
Arteriosclerosis
Arteriosclerosis. The Term Ar Teriosclerosis Or «hardening Of The Arteries' Seems An Inappropriate One (though Hardening Of These Vessels Is Mainly Noticed) For The Con Dition Is Usually Associated With Heart And Kid Ney Disease. Hence, Some Writers Use Instead, The Terms Or "cardio-vascular — Venal Disease.' There Is Reason ...
Artesian
Artesian (ăr-te'zhan) Wells, Bor Ings Of Considerable Depth Which Tap A Subter Ranean Stream Or Sheet Of Water. The Name Is Derived From Artois (latin Artesium), A Prov Ince In France Where The First Deep Borings In Europe Were Made. Strictly Speaking The Term Artesian Is Applicable Only To Such ...