To the Turkish races belong also the Yakoots, settled from the lower Lena to the upper Kolyma; the Barabin:cs, between the Obi and the Irtish; the Kirgheez, who call themselves Cossacks ("riders"), and who are divided into four divisions—the Burutes (south-east from Thian-Shan), the large (between Thian-Shan and the Lake of Balkash), the medium (westerly from Balkash), and the small hordes (north from the Sea of Aral); the Turcomans (east from the Caspian Sea and south from the Sea of Aral, pl. 72, fig. 5); the (pl. 72, fig. 8; pl. 73, figs, 3,5, Crimea, European South Russia); the Kazan Tartars (p1. 74, fig. t), the Kumuks, black caps"), and others. Other nationalities celebrated in history belong here, of which we will only mention the Huns, the Bul garians, Avares, and Alans.
5. The Samoieds are divided into six races: (r) the Jurak Samoicds, from the White Sea to the Yenisei, whose language has five dialects; (2) the Tawgy (-awainsk.)Samoieds, eastward to the Khatanga; (3) the Yenisei Samoicds, with two dialects, living between the two named races on the lower Yenisei: these three races wander about on the tundras of the icy sea, or are also fishermen on the Yenisei; (4) the Ostyak Samoieds, who dwell in the woody mountains around Tomsk; (5) the Kamassings, on the right bank of the upper Yenisei; and (c) a number of tribes—the Soyoles, Kaibals, Karagasscs, and .liatores in the Sajan mountain-lands—who now speak the Turkish language.
6. The sixth and last division is the Finnish race, after the Samoieds the least numerous, but in every other respect the highest and best devel oped of all. To them belong (r) the Us-rian people, the Oslyaks (on the Obi at Tobolsk), (North Ural), and .Magyars; (2) the Bit/gar/an or I 'alga people, the Tel/ere-misses and Mort/wins; (3) the Permian people, the Svijans on the Petchora, and the I "olyaks on the Kama and the Viatka; and (4) the Finns proper—time Suomi, as they call themselves; then the Es/bon/ails, Lapps, Liz.01/1011S, etc. The Teams/it's (Kazan), flashkfrs, and a few other peoples now speak Turkish, although of Finnish descent.
In passing from the ethnographical to the anthropological considera tion of these peoples, we must first speak of the Japanese, the principal mass of the Liu-Kin Islanders, the Minos, and the Corcans, for they have developed themselves in quite a peculiar manner. The chief reason for this is their insular remoteness. That the Japanese have attained such a height of culture is owing to the favorable nature of their home, which stimulated the various capabilities of the immigrants, presented no insu perable difficulties, and by its insular character secluded them for a long time from foreign sources of danger.
Physical Characteristics: Japanese and Corea n s. build they are mostly of middle size, and yet in some parts of Japan they are large and strong; the skin yellowish (in women light), tending to brown in the case of those leading out-of-door lives; the cheeks broad, the forehead low, nar row, almost tapering, the chin small; the eyes often diagonal, always dark (black, seldom brown) and small, but larger than those of the Chinese; the hair always black and luxuriant; the nose small, yet wide. All these fea tures may be seen on our plates (pl. 62, Afrs. 63, figs. 1, 3, 4, 6). The eyebrows of the Japanese are full and strongly arched (pl. 62, I, 2)—a point that they always bring prominently to notice in their paintings (p1. 64, 9). It is worthy of note that the more noble families are less marked in this particular. This appearance is seen also in the Coreans, who are on the average somewhat larger.
I Icrc we have sometimes the pure Mongolian type (p1. 66, fix-s. 5, 7; 67, fig% 4); also faces more European in character, with nose not flattened; with cheeks not so broad; fuller beard, which, however, among the Coreans shows the Mongolian scantiness (pl. 66, Jig. 7), and larger eves (p1. 66, 6). We cannot consider that there has been an intermixture of foreign elements here, Nv h n we remember the seclusion of Corea and its position between peoples of pure Mongolian stock.
The Coreans, who are dependent upon China, have a considerable civilization, which exhibits unmistakable Chinese influence. They also received their Buddhism from China about 370 A. D., and it passed front them at a later date to Japan. There are also numerous idols represent ing protecting gods (pl. 67, figs. 2, 3; the figure at the left is a representa tion of Buddha), to which sacrifices are offered, and Buddhist monasteries are numerous. The character of the people is excellent, but not so that of the officials, whose despotic government is often excessively oppressive. Polygamy prevails, but the families live together in harmony. In spite of the isolated position of the country, commerce is flourishing; Plate 67 5) shows a Corean trading-boat.