The finely-dressed Samoied woman (p1. 7.1, fig. 6) wears a fur coat with the smooth side outward, ornamented with stripes of fur and col ored stuff, and a similar richly-ornamented fur jacket, and her colored cap is covered in front and down the neck with the fine feathers of sea-fowl. The Lapps (p1. 75, Jigs. r, 3) wear the common dress of the North Mongo lians; on the other hand, the Finns (pl. 75, 2, 4) are clothed like the Swedish peasants. F,ar-rings, often very large (pi 69, .1; pl. 7o, . 3), neck-chains (p1. 69, fir. 4; pl. 75, Jig. 61, and embroidered gloves (p1.
fig 6) are the usual ornaments. Their winter and summer dresses are Mewl/1'11v and dwelling-houses of these peoples are much alike, except that the northern races make different provision for winter and summer. Plate 71 (fig. 1) shows this double style of con struction in a Yakoot village. At the right stands the summer house, a conical tent made of wooden laths covered with pieces of soaked birch bark sewed together, open at the top to afford exit to the smoke. These tents are portable, and well adapted to the summer wanderings of the Yakoots. On the left, in the background, are seen their winter houses (pills), built of beams and covered with earth and grass. The stables are built against the back wall; the interior is a room with the fire in the middle and an elevated seat against the walls, which serves also as sleep ing-quarters—an arrangement which we found, but more elaborate, among the Manchoos (p1. 59, fig. 3).
The household furniture consists of hunting weapons, vessels, etc. The dwellings of the poorer Lapps resemble the summer tents of the Yakoots, being tents of lath with coverings (p1. 75, 1, at the right), while those of the wealthy are seen on Plate 76 3), only they are not excavated, but stand on the earth's surface and have doors. On the other hand, the huts of the Calmucks and Kirgheez have the tent form; the rafters are bound together with ropes and straps, and are elevated over a circular foundation about the height of a man, which is made of twisted work or boards. The upper part is covered with felt, and the lower part is draped with finer stuffs, often (among noble families, /51. 71, 2) with silk (IV. 69, figs. 7, 8). But all these dwellings are apt to be very dirty.
The inhabitants of the Crimea, like many of the mountain-people of China and Japan, have their dwellings half under ground, excavating them in the rising slope of a mountain (p7. 73, fig. 3, at the right).
The light felt huts of many of these people may easily be transported on wagons; indeed, with their nomadic habits they may be said to live almost entirely in the yurts or kibitkes on their two-wheeled carts, of which some are seen on Plate 72 (fig. 8, in the background). The majority of these peoples are nomads, living partly as hunters and partly as drovers, shep herds, etc. Only the fishing-folk and the more cultivated tribes, the Finns, Magyars, and Turks, are sedentary.
The sleigh is an important vehicle to the northern people; they have various kinds for reindeer or dogs. Plate 7o (fig. 6) is a large sleigh from Eastern Siberia. The reindeer is to the nations of the north what the camel is to those of the south and the horse to those of the south-west. It is used for burden, for draft, for herding, and hunting.
Food and produce of the herds, of the chase, and of fishing forms their food. Fish are eaten both fresh and dried. Wild and tame meats are eaten dried, or boiled fresh, or even raw. Religious scru ples prevent the common people from the enjoyment of many kinds of flesh. Horse-meat is prized, and great value is attached to the milk of cows, sheep, and mares; it is used both sweet and sour, and 'made into butter and cheese. The well-known koumiss is the fermented milk of mares or cows. The Oriental method of preparing it is as follows: Take two teacupfuls of wheat-flour dough, two spoonfuls of millet flour, one spoonful of honey, one of yeast; mix with milk to a thin paste and put in a warm place to ferment. When fermented, put it in a linen bag and hang it in a jar with sixteen pounds of fresh milk; cover, and let it stand till the milk is acidulous; skim, decant, and agitate for an hour; then bottle (pl. 74, jig. 2). It is found particularly among the Kirgheez. As to vegetable food, tea is a staple among the more easterly races (Kirgheez, Mongolians), and among those more favorably situated corn is used. Tobacco is smoked everywhere, even by the women. The tobacco-pouch (often embroidered, fi/. 76, fig. 8) always hangs on the belt. The pipes are either of the common clay (j5/. 73, fig. 5) or are the so-called Turkish pipe (p1. 73, fi. 3).