The shipments of boxwood from Taganrog were 4681 tons in 1878, 2904 tons in 1879, and 1839 tons, 23,177/., in 1880. The exports from Trebizonde were, in 1879, 702 cwt. to Turkey, and 7040 cwt. to Great Britain, total value 1161/. ; in 1860, 541 cwt., 51/., to Great Britain. Ghilan ex ported to Russia 8846/. worth in 1878, and 4444/. worth in 1879. Poti despatched 12,640 poods (of 36 lb.) in 1877-8. The approximate value of Turkey box is 6-20/. a ton.
Broadleaf or Almond ( Terminalia lattfolia).—This is a Jamaica tree, growing 60 ft. higb to the main branches, and 3i-5 ft. diam. It is used for timbers, boards, sbinglea, and stave,. Its weight is 48 lb. a cub. ft. ; crushing-force, 7500 lb.; breaking-weight, 750 lb.
(Mimusops Balata).—This tree is found in the W. Indies and Central America. Its wood is very hard and durable, and fitted for most outside work ; it is used principally for posts, sills, and rafters. It warps much in seasoning, splits easily, becomes slippery if used as flooring, and is very liable to attacks of sea-worms. Its weight is 65i lb. a cub. ft.; crushing force, 14,330 lb. (See Resins—Balata, p. 1635, Chicle, 1639.) Calophyllum. See Tamanu, p. 2021.
Cedar [Australian Red] (Cedrela australis).—This tree is a native of Australia, where it has been almost exterminated, the timber being found so useful in house-building (for joinery, doors, and sashes) and boat-building. Its weight is 35 lb. a cub. ft.; breaking-weight, 471 lb.
Cedar [Bermuda] (Jumperus bermudian O.—This species is a native of the Bermudas and Bahamas. Its wood much resembles that of Virginian Cedar, and is used for similar purposes, as well as for ship-building. It is extremely durable when ventilated and freed from sap-wood. It lasts 150-200 years in houses, and 40 years as outside ship-planking. It is difficult to get above 8 in. sq. Its weight is 46-47 lb. a cub. ft.
Cedar of Lebanon (Abies Cedrus [Cedrus Libani]).—This evergreen tree is a native of Syria, and probably Candia and Algeria. The trunk reaches 50 ft. high and 34-39 in. diam. The wood is said to be very durable, and to have been formerly extensively used in the construction of temples. It is straight-grained, easily worked, readily splits, and is not liable to worm. Its weight is 30-38 lb. a cub. ft.; cohesive force, 7400 lb. a sq. in. ; strength, 62 ; stiffness, 28 ; toughness, 106. (See Oils, p. 1419.) Cedar [New Zealand] (Libocedrus Bidwillii and L. Doniana).—Of these species, the latter, the katoaka of the natives, is a fine timber tree 60-100 ft. high, yielding heavy, fine-grained wood, useful in fencing, house-blocks, piles, and sleepers. It weighs 30 lb. a cub. ft. ; breaking-weight, 400 lb. The first species gives a soft, porous wood, useless for timber purposes.
Cedar [Virginian Red] (Juniperus virginiana).—This small tree (45-50 ft. high and 8-18 in. diam.) inhabits dry rocky hillsides in Canada, the United States, and W. Indies, and flourishes in Britain. The wood is much used in America for wardrobes, drawers, boxes, and furniture, being avoided by all insects on account of its strong odour and flavour. It is light, brittle, and nearly uniform in texture. It is very extensively employed for covering graphite pencils, being imported in pieces 6-10 in. sq. It weighs 40i lb. a cub. ft. (See Oils, p. 1419.) Cedar [W. Indian or Havanna] (Cedrela odorata).—This tree is a native chiefly of Honduras, Jamaica, and Cuba, having a stem 70-80 ft. high and 3-5 ft. diam., and exported in logs up to 3-4 ft. sq. Its wood is soft, porous, and brittle, and used chiefly for cigar-boxes and the inside of furniture. It makes durable planks and shingles. Its weight is 36 lb. a cub. ft. ; erushing-weight, 6600 lb. ; breaking-weight, 400 lb. Costa Rica exported from San Josd, in 1875, 81 boards, 113 planks, and 7306 logs of cedar ; 1878, 365 planks and 645 logs. The exports from British Honduras were 18,923 ft. in 1876, 77,582 in 1877, 87,129 in 1878. The spproximate London market values are 4-51d. a ft. for Cuba cedar, and 4-51d. for Honduras, &e.
Cedar Boom (Widdringtonia juniperoides).—This tree is found in N. and W. Cape Colony, and its wood is used for floors, roofs, and other building purposes, but will not stand the weather.
Chestnut (Castanea vesca).—This, the sweet or Spanish chestnut, is said to be a native of Greece and W. Asia, but grows wild also in Italy, France, Spain, N. Africa, and N. America. It lives to 1000 years, but reaches its prime at about 50, when the stem may be 40-60 ft. long and 3-6 ft. diam. The wood is hard and compact : when young, it is tough and flexible, and as durable as oak; when old, it is brittle and shaky. does not shrink or swell so much as other woods, and is easier to work than oak ; but soon rots when built into walls. It is valued for hop poles, palings, gate-posts, stakes, and similar purposes. Its weight is 43-51 lb. a cub. ft. ; cohesive force, 8100 lb. ; strength, 68 ; stiffness, 54 ; toughness 85. (See Nuts, p. 1352 ; Tannin, p. 1982.) Cypress (Cupressus sempervirens).—This tree is abundant in Persia and the Levant, and cultivated in all countries bordering the Mediterranean, thriving best in warm sandy or gravelly soil, and reaching 70-90 ft. high. Its wood is said to be the most durable of all. For furniture, it is stronger than mahogany, and equally repulsive to insects. In Malta and Candia, it is much used for building. It weighs about 40-41 lb. a cub. ft.