Pine [Norfolk Island] (A. exeelsa).—This tree inhabits Norfolk Island and Australia, growing 200-250 ft. high and 10-12 ft. diam. Its wood is tough, close-grained, and very durable for indoor work.
Pine [Northern], or Red, Yellow, Scotch, Memel, Riga, or Dantzic Fir (Pinus eylrestris).—This tree forms with the spruce fir the great forests of Se indinavia nnd Russia, nnd attains considerable size in the highlanda of Scotland. The loge ahipped from Stettin reach 18-20 in. aq.; those from Dantzie, 14-16 in. nird even 21 in. sq., and up to 40-60 ft. long ; from Memel, up to 13 in. sq., and 35 ft. long ; from Riga, 12 in. sq. and 40 ft. long, and spars 1-2.-) in. diam. aud 70-80 ft. long ; Swedish and Norwegian, up to 12 in. sq. It comes also in planka (11 in. wide), deals (9 in.), and battens (7 in.). 'The best aro Christiania yellow deals, but contain much sap ; Stockholm and Gefle are more disposed to wasp; Gottenburg are strong, but bad for joinery ; Arch angel and Onega are good for joinery, but not durable in damp ; Wiborg are the best Russian, but inclined to sap ; Petersburg and Narva yellow nre inferior to Archangel. Well-sensoned pine is almost ns durable as oak. Its lightness and stiffness render it the best timber for beams, girders, joists, rafters, and framing ; it is much used for masts; and for joinery is superior to oak on all /3COM. The hardest comes from the coldest districts. The cohesive force is 7000-14.000 lb. per sq. in. ; weight, 29-40 lb. per cub. ft. ; strength, 80 ; stiffness, 114 ; toughness, 56. (See Rosin, p. 1680 ; Pitch, pp. 1678-9 ; Pine-oils, p. 1408; Turpeutine-oils, p. 1431; Thus, p. 1684; Tars, p. 1683; Turpentine, p. 1687.) Pine [Pitch] (P. rigida [resinosa]).—This species is found throughout Canada and the United States, most abundantly along the Atlantic coast. The wood is heavy, cloae-grained, elastic, and durable, but very brittle when old or dry, and difficult to plane. The heart-wood is good against alternate damp and dryness, but inferior to White Pine underground. Its weight is 41 lb. per cub. ft.; cohesive force, 9796 lb. per sq. in. ; stiffness, 73 ; strength, 82; toughness. 92.
Pine [Red, Norway, or Yellow] (P. rubra [resinosa]).—Thie tr, c grows on dry stony
soils in Canada, Nova Scotia, and the N. United States, reaching 60-70 ft. high, and 15-25 in. Warn. at 5 ft. above ground. The wood weighs 37 lb. per cub. ft.; it is much esteemed in Canada for strength and durability, and, though inferior in these respects to Northern Pine, is preferred by 14'..nglisb shipwrights for planks and spars, being soft, pliant, and easily worked.
Pine [Red] or Rimu (Dacrydium cupressinum).—This New Zealand wood runs 45 ft. long, and up to 30 in. sq., and is much used in house-framing and carpentry, but is not so well adaptod to joinery, so it shrinks irregularly. It weighs 40 lb. a cub. ft. (See Rimu-resin, p. 1680.) Pine [Weymouth or White] (Pinta strobus).—This tree inhabits the American continent between 43° and 47' N. lat., occupying almost all soils. The timber is exported in logs over 3 ft. sq. and 30 ft. long; it makes excellent masts ; is light, soft, free from knots, easily worked, glues well, and is very durable in dry climates; but is unfit for large timbers, liable to dry-rot, and not durable in damp places, nor does it hold nails well. It is largely employed for wooden houses and timber bridges in America. Its weight is 281 lb. per cub. ft.; cohesive force, 11,835 lb. ; stiffness, 95 ; strength, 99; toughness, 103.
Pine [White], or Salikatea (Podocarpus dacrydioides).—Tbis New Zealand timber tree gives wood 40 ft. long and 24-40 in. sq., straight-grained, soft, flexible, warping and shrinking little, and well adapted for flooring and geneial joinery, though decaying rapidly in damp. Its weight is 30 lb. a cub. ft.; breaking-weight, 620 lb.
Pine [Yellow, Spruce, or Short-leaved] (Pinus variabilis and P. mitis).—The former species is found from New England to Georgia, the wood being much used for all carpentry, and esteemed for large masts and yards ; it is shipped to England from Quebec. The latter is abundant in the Middle States and throughout N. America, reaching 50-60 ft. high and 18 in. diam. It is much used locally for framework : the heart-wood is strong and durable ; the sap-wood is very inferior.