Hickory or White Walnut (Carya [Juglans] alba).—There are about a dozen species of hickory, natives of N. America, forming large forest trees. Their timber is coarse-grained, and very strong, tough, and heavy ; but is unsuited for building, as it does not bear exposure to the weather, and is much attacked by insects. It is extensively used where toughness and elasticity are required, such as for barrel-hoops, presses, handles, shafts and poles of wheel-carriages, fishing rods, and even ligbt furniture. The most important is the shell-bark, scaly-bark, or shag-bark (C. alba), common throughout the Alleghanies from Carolina to New Hampshire, growing 80-90 ft. high and 2-3 ft. diarn. (See Nuts, p. 1358 ; Oils, p. 1391.) Ironbark (Eucalyptus resinifera).—This rugged tree is found in most parts of the Australian continent, frequently reaching 100-150 ft. high and 3-6 ft. diam., the usual market logs being 20-40 ft. long and 12-18 in. sq. Its wood is straight-grained, very dense, heavy, strong, and durable, but very difficult to work. It is liable to be shaky, and can only be employed with advantage in stout planks or large scantlings. Its weight is 64i lb. a cub. ft.; erushing-force, 9921 lb.; breaking-weight, 1000 lb.
Ironwood [Cape] (Olea undulata).—This S. African wood, the tambooti or hooshe of the natives, is very heavy, fine-grained, and durable, and is used for wagger-If-axles, wheel-cogs, spokes, telegraph-poles, railway-sleepers, and piles. This is the " black '' ironwood. The " white" ( Vepris lanceolata) is used for similar purposes.
Jack, or Ceylon Mahogany (Artocarpus integrifolia).—This useful tree is a native of the E. Archipelago, and is widely cultivated in Ceylon, S. India, and all the warm parts of Asia, mainly as a shade-tree for coffee and other crops. Its wood is in very general use locally for making furniture ; it is durable, and can be got in logs 21 ft. long and 17 in. diam. Its weight is 42 lb. a cub. ft. ; breaking-weight, 600 lb.
Jack [Jungle], or Anjilli (A. hirsuta).—This species is remarkable for size of stem, and is found in Bengal, Malabar, and Burma. Its wood is strong and close-grained, and considered next in value to teak for ship-building. Its weight is 38-49 lb. a cub. ft.; cohesive force, 13,000-15,000 lb.; breaking-weight, 740 lb. • Jarrah, Australian 1VIahogany, or Flooded or Red Gum (Eucalyptus marginata).— This tree attains greatest perfection in W. Australia, reaching 200 ft. high. Its wood is hard, heavy, close-grained, and very durable in salt and fresh water, if cut before the rising of the sap. It is best grown on the hills. It resists sea-worms and white ants, rendering it specially valuable for ships, jetties, railway-sleepers and telegraph-posts, but shrinks and warps considerably, so that it is unfit for floors or joiaery. Logs may be got 20-40 ft. long and 11-24 in. sq. Its weight is 62i lb. a cub. ft. ; crushing-force, 7000 lb. ; breaking-weight, 500 lb.
Kanyin (Dipterocarpus alatus).—This magnificent tree is found chiefly in Pegu and the Straits, reaching 250 ft. high. Its wood is hard and close-grained, excellent for all bouse-building purposes, but not durable in wet. Its weight is 45 lb. a cub. ft.; breaking-weight, 750 lb.
Another species (D. turbinatus), found in Assam, Burma, and the Andamans, is similar, and much used by the natives in house-building.
Kauri, Cowrie, or Pitch-tree (Dammara australis).—This gigantic conifer is a native of New Zealand, growing 80-140 ft. high, with a straight clean stem 4-8 ft. diam. The wood is close, even, fine-grained, and free from knots. It is chiefly used and well adapted for masts and
spars ; also fbr joinery, as it stands and glues well, and shrinks less than pine or fir. But it buckles and expands very much when cut into narrow strips for inside mouldings. Its weight is 35-40 lb. a cub. ft.; cohesive force, 9600-10,960 lb. a sq. in. (See Resins, p. 1666.) Larch [American Black], Tamarak, or Hackmatack (Larix pendula).—This tree ranges from Newfoundland to Virginia, reaching 80-100 ft. high, aud 2-3 ft. diam. The wood is said to nearly equal that of the European species.
Larch [Common or European] (L. curopfra).—This species is a native of the Swiss and Italian Alps, Germany, and Siberia, but not of the Pyrenees nor of Spain. The Italian is most esteemed, and has been considerably planted in England. The tree grows straight and rapidly to 100 ft. high. The wood is extremely durable in all situations, such as posts, sleepors, &e., and is preferable to pine, pinaster or fir for wooden bridges. But it is less buoyant and elastic than Northern Piue, and boards of it are more apt to warp. It burns with difficulty, and makes excellent ship-timber, masts, boats, posts, rails, and furniture. It is peculiarly adapted for stair cases, doors, and shutters. It is more difficult to work than Northera Pine, but makes a good surface, and takes oil or varnish better than oak. The liability to warp is said to be obviated by barking the trees while growing in spring, and cutting in the followiag autumn, or next year ; this is also said to prevent dry-rot. The wood weighs 34-36 lb. a cub. ft. ; cohesive force, 6000-13,000 lb.; strength, 103 ; stiffness, 79 ; toughness, 134. (See Venice Turpentine, p. 1691.) Lignum-vitse (Guaiacum officinale).—This tree grows chiefly on the S. side of Jamaica, and affords one of the hardest and heaviest woods, extremely useful for the sheaves and blocks of pulleys, for which purpose it should be cut with a band of sap-wood all round, to prevent splitting. lts weight is 73 lb. a cub. ft. ; crushing-weight, 9900 lb. The exports of lignuni-vitfe from San Domingo in 1880 were :-164 tons to Great Britain, 25 tons to France, 700 tons to Germany, 10 tons to Italy, 239 tons to the United States, 41 tons to the W. Indies ; total 1149 tens. The approximate London market value is 4-10/. a ton. (See Drugs, p. 816; Resins, p. 1651.) Locuet-tree (Hymenaa Courbaril).—This tree is a native of S. America, and is found also iu Jamaica. Its wood is hard and tough, and nseful for house-building. Its weight is 42 lb. a cub. ft. ; crushing-force, 7500 lb.; breaking-weight, 750 1h. (See Jutahy-seea, p. 1666.) Mahogany (Swietenia Mahogani).—This ti ee is indigenous to the W. Indies and Central America. It is of comparatively rapid growth, reaching maturity in about 200 years, and the trunk exceeding 40-50 ft. long and 6-12 ft. diam. The wood is very durable in the dry, and not liable to worms. Its costliness restricts its use chiefly to furniture ; it has been extensively employed in machinery for cotton-mills. It shrinks very little, warps and twists less than any other wood, and glues exceedingly well. It is imported in logs: those from Cuba, Jamaica, San Domingo, known as " Spanish," are about 20-26 in. eq. and 10 ft. long; those from Honduras, 2-4 ft. sq. and 12-14 ft. long. The weight is 35-53 lb. a cub. ft. ; the cohesive furce is 7380 lb. in Spanish, and 11,475 lb. in Honduras ; the strength, stiffness, and t,oughness are respectively 67, 73, and 61 in Spanish, and 96, 93, and 99 in Honduras.