Aqueduct (ak'we-dukt). An engineering work employed to carry a conduit for water from one distant point to another. In crossing a valley, it generally consists of a series of arches resting on piers. (See Fig. 101.) Arseostyle (a-re'o-stil). An arrangement of columns having four diameter spaces, or more than three, between their shafts, center to center. (See Fig. 19.) Arcade (ar-kad'). A continuous series of arches resting either on piers or columns. (See Figs. 21 and 101.) Arch (arch). A member, usually carved, spanning an opening in a wall or col onnade, and supporting the wall or other members above the opening. (See Figs. 4 and 134). In the "flat arch," the separate parts of which it is composed are so shaped as to support one another without rising to a curve.
Architrave (ar'ki-trav). (a) The lower division of a Classic entablature; that member which rests immediately upon the column capital and supports those portions of the structure which are above it. (See Fig. 3.) (b) The ornamental moulding running around the extrados of an arch.- Also called Archivolt. (See Fig. 4.) (c) Sometimes, less properly, the mould ed enrichments on the face of the jambs and lintels of a door, window, or other opening. Also called Antepagment. (See Figs. 84 and 95.) Archivolt (ar'ki-volt). The series of mouldings on the face of an arch follow ing the contour of the extrados, and ending upon the imposts. (See Fig. 4.) Archway (arch'wa). A way or passage under an arch. (See Fig. 4.) Arles (arl). A city of southern France, celebrated for its many Roman remains.
Arris (ar'is). The projecting angle or edge formed by the meeting of two sur faces; particularly the edges of mouldings, and the sharp edges between adjacent channels in the Doric column. (See B, C, and D, Fig. 49.) Artemis (ar'te-mis). Greek name of the Roman goddess Diana. Daughter of Zeus and Latona, and twin sister of Apollo. Born on the island of Delos. One of the earliest instances of the use of the Greek Ionic Order seems to have been on a temple at Ephesus dedicated to this goddess.
Assisi (as-se'se). A city in central Italy containing several Roman ruins, cluding a Corinthian temple to Minerva belonging to the Augustan era.
Astragal (as'tra-gal). A small, convex moulding, generally ornamented or cut into the form of a string of beads. Used in Classic architecture, espe cially in connection with the egg-and-dart moulding, and between the faces of the different projections of the Ionic and Corinthian architraves. (See A and G, Plate XL, and Plate XLIII.)
Astylar (a-sti'lar). A Classic style of building without columns, substituting in their place a plain wall.
Atlantes (at-lan'tez). Figures or partial figures of men used in the place of columns or pilasters to support an entablature; also called telamones. When female figures are used, they are called caryatids or caryatides.
Attic (at'ik). The upper part of a building. A story appearing in the facade of a building above the cornice and entablature. Sometimes applied to that portion of a triumphal archway above the cornice and below the crowning member, as in the Arch of Trajan at Ancona. (See Fig. 137.) Attic (at'ik). Athenian.
Attic Base. A base, properly used with the Ionic order, consisting of an upper torus, a Scotia, and a lower torus, separated by fillets. (See A, Fig. 57.) Auditorium (au-di-to' ri-um). That portion of a public hall of assemblage in tended for spectators.
Augustus (au-gus'tus). One of the Roman emperors, B. C. 27 to A. D. 14. During his reign were built the Pantheon at Rome and other well-known architectural structures, including two temples of Vesta, one in the Ro man Forum and one at Tivoli.
Aurelian (au-re'li-an). One of the Roman emperors, 270-275 A. D. He built the Temple of the Sun on the Quirinal Hill.
Axis (ak'sis). The center line of an object or structure as seen in plan or in elevation; a straight line dividing a body into two equal parts. (See Figs. 65 and 66.) Balustrade (bal-us-trad'). A railing or wall with upper rail or coping sup ported by balusters. (See C, Plate XXXIV.) Band (band). A flat membei or moulding of small projection. (See Fig. 61.) Base (bas). The part of a column between the upper part of the pedestal and the bottom of the shaft; or, if there is no pedestal, between the bottom of the column-shaft and the plinth; the lower projecting part of the wall of a room, consisting of a plinth and its mouldings. (See Figs. 3 and 4; also Figs. 57, 61, 111, 122, and 126.) Basilica (ba-sil'i-ka). A Roman Hall of Justice, whose general plan was after wards adopted as the form of the early Christian church.
Basilica Julia (ba-sil'i-ka joo'li-a). The temple in the center of the Forum Julium, the first of the smaller Roman Forums, constructed by Julius Cæsar in honor of his wife. (See Fig. 140.) Basses (bas'se). A town in Arcadia, Greece, near Phigalia, noted for the Doric and Ionic Temple of Apollo, which—next to the Theseum at Athens —is the most completely preserved specimen of Classic Greek art.